Gallium
Semiconductor metals
Watch and Edit are coming soon.
China refined 99% (USGS) of the world's gallium in 2025 (estimated).
99%
of the world's gallium was refined in China in 2025 (estimated), according to USGS · almost all
ANNUAL 2025
Leading refining country
99%
China, 2025 (estimated), USGS
Sites on record
2
Mines and plants in the open sources. Coverage is partial. Also on record: 1 deposit or project, which is not counted.
Recycling's share of EU demand
0%
2022, EU only
Overview
Gallium is not mined on its own. It is recovered as a by-product, mainly from alumina refining, and purified for semiconductors and LEDs.
Map
- Share of world refine output
- Mine or brine operation
- Processing site
- Deposit or project (not a mine or a plant yet)
Sites are those in the open sources. A site missing here is missing from the sources, not from the world.
2025
Key facts
- Group
- Semiconductor metals
- Stages in the atlas
- Refine · Recycle
- World refinery production, 2025
- 900 000 kilograms (estimated)
- Open price series
- None
Leading countries
The five largest shares of each stage's latest table. One source per stage; the Supply chain tab has every source and every row.
What the source does not cover
- No open price series for gallium: the World Bank Pink Sheet does not cover it, and the price services that do are licensed, so no price is shown.
Supply chain
Every stage with its table by country, the flow between stages, the largest recorded trade flows and the sites on record.
Refine
Concentration
ANNUAL 2025China refines almost all (99 %) of the world's gallium recorded here.
Primary production · 2025 (estimated)
(Data in kilograms, gallium content, unless otherwise specified)
- Top 3 countries
- 100.0 %
- China, Russia, Japan
Who holds what
- China900 000 kg99.0 %
- Russia6 000 kg0.7 %
- Japan3 000 kg0.3 %
- United StatesNil (—) in source
- Other countriesNil (—) in source
- World total900 000 kg
Recycle
No data yet: Gallium, recycle stage
We have no sourced record for this. We never fill gaps with estimates.
Help add it
Flow through the stages
Bars are each country's share of one stage, taken from one source. Bands are trade flows that customs data record between two countries. The two are measured differently, so a band's width says nothing about a bar's height. Where the data records nothing, the diagram says so.
The diagram is wider than this screen. Swipe it sideways to see every stage.
- Bar: a country's share of the stage's output. Height is the share. Sources:Refine 2025
- No trade bands: No HS6 code isolates this material, so trade flows cannot be shown from HS6 data.
- Not recorded: material processed in the country that mined it. Trade data only sees border crossings. A dotted line joins a country that appears in two neighbouring tables.
- Return arrow: recycling's share of EU demand (end-of-life recycling input rate). EU only, so it cannot be compared with the world shares above. Width: 1 px at 0 % to 10 px at 100 %.
Largest trade flows
No HS6 code isolates this material, so trade flows cannot be shown from HS6 data.
Sites on record · 2 and 1 deposit or project
3 of 3 shown
- Gallium Pilot PlantProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Neo Performance Materials ULCRefinery · Canada
- Nikolaev AluminaRefinery · Ukraine
One entry per site. Where two sources describe the same site, the atlas lists the record of the source it ranks higher.
United States view: Gallium
These figures describe the United States only. They are not global figures.
- Net import reliance · 2025
- 100 %
- Import sources · 2021-24
- Canada28 %
- Japan22 %
- China18 %
- Germany16 %
- Other16 %
- Main uses
- Integrated circuits and optical devices.
Money
The open price series where one exists, and one estimate with its formula. No licensed market data is shown.
Price
There is no open price series for gallium, so the atlas shows no price and no estimated value.
- No open price series for gallium: the World Bank Pink Sheet does not cover it, and the price services that do are licensed, so no price is shown.
An estimated production value is computed only where an open price exists (copper and nickel). Why prices are missing
Investment pipeline
announced figuresPlanned and under-construction gallium projects with a publicly announced capital cost, public financial backing, or both. Each line is one statement by the named publisher on the given date; the atlas adds nothing to it.
U.S. SmelterPlannedProcessing
Korea Zinc · Clarksville, Tennessee · United States · Copper, Antimony, Gallium, Germanium
“Full-scale construction will start in 2027” · status as printed on 2025-12-15
- Announced capital cost
USD 6.6 bn2025-12-15
capital expenditures; total planned investment of $7.4 billion including working capital and financing costs · Korea Zinc
The publisher's words: “is expected to have $6.6 billion in capital expenditures, with a total planned investment of $7.4 billion including working capital and financing costs”
- Public backing
USD 1.4 bnOther support · “conditional investment” · 2025-12-15
U.S. Department of War
The publisher's words: “The Department of War’s conditional investment of $1.4 billion to build the first U.S.-based zinc smelter and critical minerals processing facility”
USD 2.15 bnOther support · “arranged by the U.S. Department of War together with investors” · 2025-12-15
U.S. Department of War together with investors
The publisher's words: “Approximately $2.15 billion, arranged by the U.S. Department of War together with investors, will be invested in the smelter construction.”
USD 210 MGrant · “will provide $210 million in award funding” · 2025-12-15
U.S. Department of Commerce (CHIPS Act)
The publisher's words: “The U.S. Department of Commerce will provide $210 million in award funding under the CHIPS Act for U.S. equipment procurement and other purposes.”
A short, hand-read list, not a census: 19 projects in all. Announced amounts are not spending, a letter of interest or a conditional commitment is not a loan, and amounts stay in the currency of the announcement.
Public support instruments
Stockpiles, price floors, offtake and purchasing programmes and public funds whose source names gallium, and general critical-minerals instruments (marked). Each is one statement by its publisher.
2024-05-23in force from · European UnionJoint purchasingin force
The Critical Raw Materials Act obliges the Commission to run a demand-aggregation and joint-purchasing system for strategic raw materials and to set a benchmark for strategic stocks.
Covers: “strategic raw materials” · Materials: Cobalt, Copper, Gallium, Germanium, Lithium, Graphite, Nickel, Rare earths, Tungsten
The publisher's words: “The Commission shall set up and operate a system to aggregate the demand of interested undertakings consuming strategic raw materials established in the Union”
2 further statements from the source
joint negotiation of purchases allowed (Article 25(5))
The publisher's words: “may, on a transparent basis, jointly negotiate the purchase, including the prices or other terms and conditions of the purchasing agreement”
coordination of strategic stocks (Article 23)
The publisher's words: “shall adopt a benchmark indicating a safe level of Union strategic stocks of strategic raw materials”
2025-06-17announced · G7Other supportannounced
G7 leaders launched a Critical Minerals Action Plan with a roadmap for standards-based markets and a call for more public and private capital for critical minerals projects.
Covers: “critical minerals”
critical minerals in general; the source does not name gallium
The publisher's words: “We will develop a roadmap to promote standards-based markets for critical minerals”
3 further statements from the source
launch of the plan
The publisher's words: “We are launching a G7 Critical Minerals Action Plan”
roadmap content
The publisher's words: “The roadmap will establish a set of criteria that constitute a minimum threshold for standards-based markets”
capital mobilisation
The publisher's words: “We encourage our export credit agencies and development finance institutions (DFIs) to identify more opportunities for collaboration”
2025-11-04published · CanadaFundannounced
Budget 2025 proposes a Critical Minerals Sovereign Fund at Natural Resources Canada for equity investments, loan guarantees and offtake agreements, and a First and Last Mile Fund.
CAD 2 bn · “$2 billion over five years, on a cash basis, starting in 2026-27”
Covers: “critical minerals projects and companies”
critical minerals in general; the source does not name gallium
The publisher's words: “provide $2 billion over five years, on a cash basis, starting in 2026-27, to Natural Resources Canada to create the Critical Minerals Sovereign Fund”
3 further statements from the source
tools of the fund
The publisher's words: “including equity investments, loan guarantees, and offtake agreements”
First and Last Mile Fund
The publisher's words: “provide $371.8 million over four years, starting in 2026-27, to Natural Resources Canada to create the First and Last Mile Fund”
absorbs the Critical Minerals Infrastructure Fund
The publisher's words: “would absorb the Critical Minerals Infrastructure Fund and leverage its existing funding envelope to provide up to $1.5 billion in support through 2029-30”
2025-11-22published · United KingdomFundannounced
The UK critical minerals strategy Vision 2035 announces public funding for critical mineral projects and says stockpiling through procurement will be considered for the defence sector.
GBP 50 M · “up to £50 million”
Covers: “critical mineral projects in the UK”
critical minerals in general; the source does not name gallium
The publisher's words: “funding of up to £50 million will be made available by DBT to support critical mineral projects”
2 further statements from the source
stockpiling under consideration
The publisher's words: “Measures could include stockpiling, including through procurement mechanisms”
later programme page (published 22 June 2026): grant share
The publisher's words: “with £45 million of this available as grant funding”
2026-01-12announced · AustraliaStockpileannounced
The Australian Government announced the design of its Critical Minerals Strategic Reserve, which secures rights to minerals produced in Australia and on-sells them, with some selective stockpiling.
AUD 1.2 bn · “$1.2 billion”
Covers: “antimony, gallium and rare earth elements” · Materials: Antimony, Gallium, Rare earths
The publisher's words: “The first minerals to be the focus of the Strategic Reserve will be antimony, gallium and rare earth elements”
4 further statements from the source
size of the reserve
The publisher's words: “new details of its $1.2 billion Critical Minerals Strategic Reserve”
how it operates
The publisher's words: “The Reserve will operate by securing rights to minerals produced in Australia and on-selling those rights to meet demand”
transactions drawn from the Critical Minerals Facility
The publisher's words: “The Reserve includes $1 billion for transactions to be drawn from the expanded $5 billion Critical Minerals Facility”
stockpiling share
The publisher's words: “A further $185 million has been allocated for selective stockpiling of minerals”
2026-01-14signed · United StatesPrice floorannounced
Presidential proclamation under section 232 directing negotiations on imports of processed critical minerals, in which price floors for trade in critical minerals are to be considered.
Covers: “processed critical minerals and their derivative products (PCMDPs)”
critical minerals in general; the source does not name gallium
The publisher's words: “the Secretary and the Trade Representative should consider price floors for trade in critical minerals and other trade-restricting measures”
2026-02-02announced · United StatesStockpileannounced
The Export-Import Bank approved a direct loan for Project Vault, a public-private partnership that is to establish a U.S. Strategic Critical Minerals Reserve storing raw materials for manufacturers.
USD 10 bn · “a Direct Loan of up to $10 billion”
Covers: “essential raw materials”
critical minerals in general; the source does not name gallium
The publisher's words: “the EXIM Board of Directors approved a Direct Loan of up to $10 billion to Project Vault”
4 further statements from the source
what it establishes
The publisher's words: “a supply chain security initiative establishing the U.S. Strategic Critical Minerals Reserve”
storage
The publisher's words: “that will store essential raw materials in facilities across the United States”
borrower structure
The publisher's words: “providing long-term financing to a partnership between original equipment manufacturers and private sector capital providers”
later EXIM release of May 4, 2026 restating the loan
The publisher's words: “The transaction includes a direct loan of up to $10 billion”
There is no open price series for gallium, so these instruments are listed without a chart.
These figures are informational, not financial advice.
Sustainability
Four indicators, the same on every profile. Each is a figure with its unit, year and source, or a plain statement that there is none.
Carbon
Grid-carbon proxy: the grid intensity of the refining countries, weighted by their share of refining.
528gCO2e/kWh
Higher than 67% of the other 6 materials with a computed proxy.
- Covers the countries behind 100% of refinery output (Primary production, 2025).
- Average grid emissions intensity of the countries that refine the material, weighted by each country's share of refinery output in the source table. Countries without a grid figure are left out and the covered share is stated. A proxy for the electricity behind refining, not a product footprint: plants may run on their own power.
Water
Share of the material's mine sites on record that lie in high or extremely high baseline water stress.
Not computed: No mine on record with a water-stress value
- Counted by site, not by tonnage: it is not a share of production.
Land
Land visibly used by mining.
Not available per material: the area is mapped per country for all commodities together.
- Mapped from satellite images for all mining in a country. It cannot be attributed to one material or one site.
Circularity
Recycling's share of EU demand (end-of-life recycling input rate).
0%of EU demand
None of the other 8 elements in the atlas with a published EU rate has a lower figure.
- Published for the EU as a whole. It cannot be compared with world shares.
- End-of-life recycling input rate: the share of EU demand met by recycling old scrap. EU only. Values differ between assessment years partly because the method changed.
- 4 EU targets apply to this material; they are listed below.
There is no overall score: the four figures measure different things and are not added up. How to read these figures
The figures behind the indicators
Grid-carbon proxy for refining
estimated · proxy528gCO2e per kWh
Covers the countries behind 100% of refinery output (Primary production, 2025)
| Country | Share of refining | Grid intensity | |
|---|---|---|---|
| China | 99% | 5282025 | |
| Russia | 0.7% | 4472025 | |
| Japan | 0.3% | 4742025 |
Average grid emissions intensity of the countries that refine the material, weighted by each country's share of refinery output in the source table. Countries without a grid figure are left out and the covered share is stated. A proxy for the electricity behind refining, not a product footprint: plants may run on their own power.
Water stress where the mines are
estimated · by siteNot computed: No mine on record with a water-stress value
Of the mines and brine operations the atlas has on record for the material, the share that lies in a sub-basin with high or extremely high baseline water stress (WRI Aqueduct 4.0). Counted by site, not by tonnage: the atlas has no output figure for most sites, so this is not a share of production. "Arid and Low Water Use" is the source's own class for dry sub-basins with little demand; it is shown apart (hatched) because it is not a stress level.
Circularity
Recycling's share of EU demand (end-of-life recycling input rate)
| Material | 2013 | 2016 | 2019 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gallium | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
End-of-life recycling input rate: the share of EU demand met by recycling old scrap. EU only. Values differ between assessment years partly because the method changed. The latest published figure is for 2022.
EU targets that apply
10% EU extraction benchmark from 31 December 2030
EU extraction capacity, for strategic raw materials overall
Legal text: “by 2030 … at least 10 % of the Union’s annual consumption of strategic raw materials” Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 (Critical Raw Materials Act), Article 5(1)(a)(i) ↗
40% EU processing benchmark from 31 December 2030
EU processing capacity, for strategic raw materials overall
Legal text: “by 2030 … at least 40 % of the Union’s annual consumption of strategic raw materials” Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 (Critical Raw Materials Act), Article 5(1)(a)(ii) ↗
25% EU recycling benchmark from 31 December 2030
EU recycling capacity, for strategic raw materials overall
Legal text: “by 2030 … at least 25 % of the Union’s annual consumption of strategic raw materials” Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 (Critical Raw Materials Act), Article 5(1)(a)(iii) ↗
65% Single-country limit from 31 December 2030
Largest share of EU consumption that may come from one non-EU country, per strategic raw material and processing stage
Legal text: “by 2030 … no third country accounts for more than 65 % of the Union’s annual consumption of such a strategic raw material” Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 (Critical Raw Materials Act), Article 5(1)(b) ↗
Read in the original Official Journal version; later amendments are not reflected.
Risks & policy
Export controls in force
Compiled by USGS, effective January 2026. Not a live feed.
- ▲ LicenceChina2023
Export licensing requirement for materials and technologies: Antimony (2024), bismuth (2025), synthesized diamond (2025), gallium (2023), germanium (2023), graphite (2023), indium (2025), magnesium materials (2024), molybdenum (2025), rare earths (2025), silver (2026), tellurium (2025), tungsten (2025), and items related to lithium batteries and artificial graphite anode materials (2025).
Source ↗
Chokepoints at sea
The atlas has no record of which minerals pass through which sea passage, so no chokepoint figure is attached to this profile. Current ship counts for the main passages are on the Live page. Open the Live page
What if?
Three calculators run on the figures of this profile. Each shows its formula and what it leaves out; none is a forecast.
What the atlas does not know about gallium
How much of the chain is on record, which producer countries have no site in the atlas, how mining and refining compare, and whether a price is open.
Data coverage
Mines on record: no open mining series by country
Plants on record: 0% (0/3)
Owner or operator known: no open mining series by country
Assurance known: no public assurance list is ingested yet
- Mines: No open mining series by country
Processing plants:0% of world output lies in countries with a record (0 of 3 countries)(Primary production, 2025)
Producer countries without a record: China 99%, Russia 0.7%, Japan 0.3%
- Owners and operators: No open mining series by country
- Assurance: No public assurance list is ingested yet
A country in these lists marks missing data, not missing industry.
Mining and refining: who leads
USGS MCS 2026, 2025 (estimated)
- Refining:China 99% (almost all), 2025
No open mining series by country
Price transparency
No open price series for gallium: the services that publish one are licensed, so no price is shown.
Sources
Every source this profile uses, with its licence, the years its figures describe and how sure the figures are. Each chip on the profile opens the single record.
- USGS MCS 2026 ↗6 records used
- Licence
- CC0-1.0
- As of
- 2024–2026
- Confidence
- Reported · Estimated
- Eurostat cei_srm010 (EOL-RIR) ↗5 records used
- Licence
- Eurostat reuse policy (reuse authorised with acknowledgement of the source)
- As of
- 2013–2022
- Confidence
- Reported
- Ember Yearly Electricity Data ↗3 records used
- Licence
- CC-BY-4.0
- As of
- 2025
- Confidence
- Reported
- NRCan critical minerals 2026 ↗1 record used
- Licence
- OGL-Canada-2.0
- As of
- 2026
- Confidence
- Reported
- NRCan Map 900A (2025) ↗1 record used
- Licence
- OGL-Canada-2.0
- As of
- 2025
- Confidence
- Reported
- WU Vienna mine database v1.0.3 ↗1 record used
- Licence
- CC-BY-4.0
- As of
- 2022
- Confidence
- Reported
Source registry for this material
- Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 Data Release ↗, U.S. Geological Survey, National Minerals Information Center. Licence: CC0-1.0. annual (February).
- BACI bilateral trade flows at HS6 (version 202601) ↗, CEPII. Licence: Etalab Open Licence 2.0. annual.
- Contribution of recycled materials to raw materials demand, end-of-life recycling input rates (cei_srm010) ↗, Eurostat. Licence: Eurostat reuse policy (reuse authorised with acknowledgement of the source). every three years, with the EU critical raw materials assessment.
History & talk
Revision history and discussion are coming soon.
Every change to a figure will be listed here with its source, its credit and its review, and each profile will have a place to discuss it. Until then the data changes only when a source is updated, and every figure links to that source.
What we don't know yet
No open source we may use gives these figures. Nothing is estimated to fill them. If you know a public source, add it.
- Leading mining country: No open mining table by country.Add data: Leading mining country: No open mining table by country.