Graphite
Battery materials
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China refined 94% (IEA) of the world's graphite in 2025; China mined 78% (USGS).
94%
of the world's graphite was refined in China in 2025, according to IEA · about 9 in 10
ANNUAL 2025
Leading mining country
78%
China, 2025 (estimated), USGS
Leading refining country
94%
China, 2025, IEA
Sites on record
17
Mines and plants in the open sources. Coverage is partial. Also on record: 38 deposits and projects, which are not counted.
Overview
Battery-grade graphite is either mined (natural flake, shaped into spherical graphite) or made synthetically from petroleum coke. It is the main anode material in lithium-ion batteries.
Map
- Share of world mine output
- Mine or brine operation
- Processing site
- Deposit or project (not a mine or a plant yet)
Sites are those in the open sources. A site missing here is missing from the sources, not from the world.
2025
Key facts
- Group
- Battery materials
- Stages in the atlas
- Reserves · Mine · Refine · Component · Recycle
- World mine production, 2025
- 1 800 000 metric tons (estimated)
- World refinery production, 2025
- 2 266 kt
- Open price series
- None
Leading countries
Mine · USGS, 2025 (estimated)
- Chinaabout 4 in 578%
- Madagascarabout 1 in 204.4%
- Tanzaniaabout 1 in 204.2%
- Brazilabout 1 in 203.6%
- Mozambiqueabout 1 in 203.3%
Refine · IEA, 2025
- Chinaabout 9 in 1094%
- Japanabout 1 in 203%
- Indonesia1.4%
- United States0.6%
- Korea0.2%
The five largest shares of each stage's latest table. One source per stage; the Supply chain tab has every source and every row.
What the source does not cover
- No open price series for graphite: the World Bank Pink Sheet does not cover it, and the price services that do are licensed, so no price is shown.
Supply chain
Every stage with its table by country, the flow between stages, the largest recorded trade flows and the sites on record.
Reserves
Concentration
ANNUAL 2025China holds about 1 in 3 (32 %) of the world's graphite reserves recorded here.
Reserves · 2025
(Data in metric tons unless otherwise specified)
- Top 3 countries
- 64.8 %
- China, Brazil, Madagascar
Who holds what
- China100 000 000 t32.3 %
- Brazil74 000 000 t23.9 %
- Madagascar27 000 000 t8.7 %
- Mozambique25 000 000 t8.1 %
- Tanzania18 000 000 t5.8 %
- Russia14 000 000 t4.5 %
- Vietnam9 700 000 t3.1 %
- India8 600 000 t2.8 %
- Turkey6 900 000 t2.2 %
- Canada5 900 000 t1.9 %
- Mexico3 100 000 t1.0 %
- Korea, North2 000 000 t0.6 %
- Korea, Republic of1 800 000 t0.6 %
- Sri Lanka1 500 000 t0.5 %
- Norway600 000 t0.2 %
- United StatesLess than half a unit
- AustriaLess than half a unit
- GermanyLess than half a unit
- UkraineLess than half a unit
- World total310 000 000 t
Mine
Concentration
ANNUAL 2025China mines about 4 in 5 (78 %) of the world's graphite recorded here.
Mine production · 2025 (estimated)
(Data in metric tons unless otherwise specified)
- Top 3 countries
- 86.4 %
- China, Madagascar, Tanzania
Who holds what
- China1 400 000 t77.8 %
- Madagascar80 000 t4.4 %
- Tanzania75 000 t4.2 %
- Brazil65 000 t3.6 %
- Mozambique60 000 t3.3 %
- Russia25 000 t1.4 %
- India17 000 t0.9 %
- Canada8 000 t0.4 %
- Korea, North8 000 t0.4 %
- Norway6 600 t0.4 %
- Sri Lanka3 200 t0.2 %
- Turkey2 200 t0.1 %
- Ukraine800 t0.0 %
- Mexico740 t0.0 %
- Korea, Republic of500 t0.0 %
- Vietnam500 t0.0 %
- Austria200 t0.0 %
- Germany140 t0.0 %
- United StatesNil (—) in source
- World total1 800 000 t
Refine
Concentration
ANNUAL 2025China refines about 9 in 10 (94 %) of the world's graphite recorded here.
Refined battery-grade supply (IEA) · 2025
kt = kilotonnes. Refined battery-grade supply includes spherical graphite made from natural flake graphite and synthetic anode production.
- Top 3 countries
- 98.8 %
- China, Japan, Indonesia
Who holds what
Component
No data yet: Graphite, component stage
We have no sourced record for this. We never fill gaps with estimates.
Help add it
Recycle
No data yet: Graphite, recycle stage
We have no sourced record for this. We never fill gaps with estimates.
Help add it
Flow through the stages
Bars are each country's share of one stage, taken from one source. Bands are trade flows that customs data record between two countries. The two are measured differently, so a band's width says nothing about a bar's height. Where the data records nothing, the diagram says so.
The diagram is wider than this screen. Swipe it sideways to see every stage.
- Bar: a country's share of the stage's output. Height is the share. Sources:Mine 2025Refine 2025
- Band: recorded trade, by value, 2024. In US dollars, not tonnes. Width compares flows of the same product only. A band runs from the exporter to the importer's place in the next stage; the data does not say what the importer did with the product. The data holds only the largest flows of the material: 40 of 3 319 flows, covering 66.1 % of traded value.
- Dashed band: the customs code mixes grades or forms, so the stage of the product is uncertain. The table marks these with ≈.
- Dashed box: a country that appears in a recorded trade flow but has no row in this stage's table. It has no share.
- Not recorded: material processed in the country that mined it. Trade data only sees border crossings. A dotted line joins a country that appears in two neighbouring tables.
- Dashed return arrow: no published recycling rate. Eurostat publishes no end-of-life recycling input rate for graphite.
Table of what is drawn (28 country marks, 40 trade flows)
| Stage | Country | Share | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mine 2025 | China | 80.4 % | 1 432 kt | |
| Mine 2025 | Madagascar | 3.9 % | 70 kt | |
| Mine 2025 | Mozambique | 3.8 % | 67 kt | |
| Mine 2025 | Brazil | 3.6 % | 64 kt | |
| Mine 2025 | Tanzania | 3.5 % | 62 kt | |
| Mine 2025 | Russia | 1.6 % | 28 kt | |
| Mine 2025 | Other / not attributed | 3.3 % | 58 ktthe source's own "other" row | |
| Refine 2025 | China | 94.4 % | 2 139 kt | |
| Refine 2025 | Japan | 3.0 % | 68 kt | |
| Refine 2025 | Indonesia | 1.4 % | 32 kt | |
| Refine 2025 | United States | 0.6 % | 13 kt | |
| Refine 2025 | Korea | 0.2 % | 5 kt | |
| Refine 2025 | Germany | 0.2 % | 5 kt | |
| Refine 2025 | Other / not attributed | 0.2 % | 3 ktthe source's own "other" row |
| Product of stage | From → to | Million USD | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Refine ≈ | China → Malaysia | 338.7 | |
| Refine ≈ | China → USA | 265.2 | |
| Refine ≈ | China → Hungary | 164.4 | |
| Refine ≈ | China → Poland | 147 | |
| Refine ≈ | China → Rep. of Korea | 91.8 | |
| Refine ≈ | China → Japan | 78.2 | |
| Refine ≈ | Japan → China | 53.6 | |
| Mine ≈ | China → USA | 45.1 | |
| Refine ≈ | China → India | 44.8 | |
| Mine ≈ | China → Japan | 44.7 | |
| Refine ≈ | China → Fed. Rep. of Germany (...1990) | 39.8 | |
| Mine ≈ | China → Rep. of Korea | 39.7 | |
| Refine ≈ | France → Fed. Rep. of Germany (...1990) | 35.8 | |
| Refine ≈ | China → Indonesia | 35.4 | |
| Refine ≈ | Rep. of Korea → USA | 33.9 | |
| Refine ≈ | Japan → Rep. of Korea | 26.8 | |
| Refine ≈ | Japan → France | 26 | |
| Refine ≈ | Mexico → USA | 25.8 | |
| Refine ≈ | Fed. Rep. of Germany (...1990) → France | 25.7 | |
| Refine ≈ | Fed. Rep. of Germany (...1990) → China | 21.6 | |
| Refine ≈ | Japan → USA | 19.7 | |
| Refine ≈ | USA → China | 19.3 | |
| Refine ≈ | Rep. of Korea → Poland | 19.2 | |
| Refine ≈ | USA → Mexico | 17.2 | |
| Refine ≈ | USA → Rep. of Korea | 16.2 | |
| Refine ≈ | China → France | 15.9 | |
| Refine ≈ | China → Iran | 15.5 | |
| Mine ≈ | China → Poland | 15.1 | |
| Refine ≈ | Spain → Brazil | 14.9 | |
| Mine ≈ | Madagascar → India | 14.7 | |
| Refine ≈ | China → Viet Nam | 14.7 | |
| Mine ≈ | China → Fed. Rep. of Germany (...1990) | 14.5 | |
| Mine ≈ | Canada → USA | 14.2 | |
| Refine ≈ | USA → Canada | 13.9 | |
| Refine ≈ | Switzerland → China | 13.8 | |
| Refine ≈ | Rep. of Korea → China | 13.7 | |
| Refine ≈ | USA → Japan | 13.7 | |
| Refine ≈ | Poland → Japan | 13 | |
| Refine ≈ | Fed. Rep. of Germany (...1990) → USA | 12.7 | |
| Mine | United Rep. of Tanzania → China | 12.1 |
Countries drawn as dashed boxes (in trade flows only)
- Mine: Canada
- Refine: France; Poland; Mexico; Spain; India; Switzerland
- Component: USA; Malaysia; Poland; Hungary; Rep. of Korea; China; 10 more countries (Japan, Fed. Rep. of Germany (...1990), France, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Iran, Brazil, Viet Nam, Canada)
Recycling loop
Recycling loop: no published rate. Eurostat publishes no end-of-life recycling input rate for graphite.
Largest trade flows · 2024
Reconciled customs data (CEPII BACI), by value. Trade data lags: this is the latest complete year. 40 of 3 319 flows shown, covering 66.1 % of traded value.
| From → to | Product of stage | Million USD | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| China → Malaysia | Refine ≈ | 338.7 | |
| China → USA | Refine ≈ | 265.2 | |
| China → Hungary | Refine ≈ | 164.4 | |
| China → Poland | Refine ≈ | 147 | |
| China → Rep. of Korea | Refine ≈ | 91.8 | |
| China → Japan | Refine ≈ | 78.2 | |
| Japan → China | Refine ≈ | 53.6 | |
| China → USA | Mine ≈ | 45.1 | |
| China → India | Refine ≈ | 44.8 | |
| China → Japan | Mine ≈ | 44.7 |
≈ marks a customs code that mixes grades or forms of the material, so stages cannot be told apart. Expert mode shows the codes.
Sites on record · 17 and 38 deposits and projects
55 of 55 shown
- AlbanyProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Balama Graphite ProjectMine · Mozambique
- Battery Material PlantProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Bissett CreekProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- BurkeDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- CampoonaDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- Coated Spherical Purified Graphite (CSPG) RefineProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Collie-BAMProcessing plant · Australia
- CorellaDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- CroydonDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- Demonstration-Perth-GrProcessing plant · Australia
- Demonstration-Townsville-BAMProcessing plant · Australia
- EsmeraldaDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- Graphite BullDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- GropaboDeposit (no mine) · Sweden
- ItapecericaMine and processing plant · Brazil
- KearneyProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Kearney Mine (Decomissioned)Mine · Canada
- Kookaburra GullyDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- KoppioDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- La LoutreProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Lac Carheil (Lac Rainy Graphite)Project (not producing yet) · Canada
- Lac KnifeProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Lac-des-ÎlesMine · Canada
- LacromaDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- LeliynDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- Lourdes MineMine · Mexico
- MaiquiniqueMine · Brazil
- MånsbergDeposit (no mine) · Sweden
- MatawinieProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Mateus LemeMine · Brazil
- MattsmyraDeposit (no mine) · Sweden
- McIntoshDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- MillerProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Miniera MurialdoMine · Italy
- Miniera MurialdoMine · Italy
- Mount DromedaryDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- MunglinupDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- Niska LinkDeposit (no mine) · Sweden
- Niska NorthDeposit (no mine) · Sweden
- Niska SouthDeposit (no mine) · Sweden
- Nunasvaara EastDeposit (no mine) · Sweden
- Nunasvaara NorthDeposit (no mine) · Sweden
- Nunasvaara SouthDeposit (no mine) · Sweden
- OarDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- Pedra AzulMine and processing plant · Brazil
- Salto da DivisaMine and processing plant · Brazil
- San Juan MineMine · Mexico
- SiviourProject (not producing yet) · Australia
- Siviour-BAMProcessing plant · Australia
- SpringdaleDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- Topiyeca MineMine · Mexico
- UatnanProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Uley 2Project (not producing yet) · Australia
- Wilclo SouthDeposit (no mine) · Australia
One entry per site. Where two sources describe the same site, the atlas lists the record of the source it ranks higher.
United States view: Graphite
These figures describe the United States only. They are not global figures.
- Net import reliance · 2025
- 100 %
- Import sources · 2021-24
- China46 %
- Canada13 %
- Mozambique13 %
- Mexico12 %
- Other16 %
- Main uses
- Batteries, fuel cells, and lubricants.
Money
The open price series where one exists, and one estimate with its formula. No licensed market data is shown.
Price
There is no open price series for graphite, so the atlas shows no price and no estimated value.
- No open price series for graphite: the World Bank Pink Sheet does not cover it, and the price services that do are licensed, so no price is shown.
An estimated production value is computed only where an open price exists (copper and nickel). Why prices are missing
Investment pipeline
announced figuresPlanned and under-construction graphite projects with a publicly announced capital cost, public financial backing, or both. Each line is one statement by the named publisher on the given date; the atlas adds nothing to it.
Talga Natural Graphite ONE (Vittangi Anode Project)PlannedMine and processing
Talga AB · northern Sweden · Sweden · Graphite
“FINANCIAL CLOSE DATE 31 January, 2028; ENTRY INTO OPERATION DATE 31 December, 2030 (Innovation Fund fiche for the anode refinery part)” · status as printed on 2026-10-02
- Announced capital cost
EUR 560 M2024-04-15
capital costs for the construction of the vertically integrated operation (excluding €39m contingency) · Talga Group Ltd
The publisher's words: “capital costs for the construction of the vertically integrated operation are now estimated at €560 million (excluding €39m contingency)”
- Public backing
no amount statedStrategic project status · “recognised as Strategic Project (Commission Decision C(2025) 1904, annex item 44)” · 2025-03-25
European Commission
The publisher's words: “Talga Natural Graphite ONE is an ongoing extraction project in Sweden. The project promoted by Talga AB”
EUR 150 MLoan · “board has approved (EIB project page: Approved | 15/06/2023; amount 'not disclosed' there)” · 2023-06-20
European Investment Bank
The publisher's words: “board has approved €150 million senior debt funding”
EUR 70 MGrant · “AMOUNT OF INNOVATION FUND GRANT (project TalnodeONE, starting date 01 April, 2025)” · 2026-10-02
EU Innovation Fund
The publisher's words: “AMOUNT OF INNOVATION FUND GRANT EUR 70,000,000”
Linked, not quoted (the publisher's terms forbid reuse, so no figure is taken from the page): European Investment Bank
Graphite Creek ProjectPlannedMine
Graphite One Inc. · north of Nome, Alaska · United States · Graphite
“Management’s current plan is for graphite to be mined” · status as printed on 2025-11-13
- Announced capital cost
No announced capital cost was read.
- Public backing
USD 670 MLetter of interest · “Letter of Interest” · 2026-01-05
Export-Import Bank of the United States
The publisher's words: “approving a $670 million Letter of Interest for Graphite One Inc. (G1) to support financing of the Company's Graphite Creek Project”
no amount statedLetter of interest · “non-binding and conditional and does not represent a financing commitment” · 2025-12-18
Export-Import Bank of the United States
The publisher's words: “Investors should be aware that the LoI is non-binding and conditional and does not represent a financing commitment.”
USD 37.5 MGrant · “drew down the remaining” · 2025-11-13
U.S. Department of Defense (Defense Production Act)
The publisher's words: “the U.S. Department of Defense’s $37.5 million Technology Investment Agreement grant under the Defense Production Act”
A short, hand-read list, not a census: 19 projects in all. Announced amounts are not spending, a letter of interest or a conditional commitment is not a loan, and amounts stay in the currency of the announcement.
Public support instruments
Stockpiles, price floors, offtake and purchasing programmes and public funds whose source names graphite, and general critical-minerals instruments (marked). Each is one statement by its publisher.
2024-05-23in force from · European UnionJoint purchasingin force
The Critical Raw Materials Act obliges the Commission to run a demand-aggregation and joint-purchasing system for strategic raw materials and to set a benchmark for strategic stocks.
Covers: “strategic raw materials” · Materials: Cobalt, Copper, Gallium, Germanium, Lithium, Graphite, Nickel, Rare earths, Tungsten
The publisher's words: “The Commission shall set up and operate a system to aggregate the demand of interested undertakings consuming strategic raw materials established in the Union”
2 further statements from the source
joint negotiation of purchases allowed (Article 25(5))
The publisher's words: “may, on a transparent basis, jointly negotiate the purchase, including the prices or other terms and conditions of the purchasing agreement”
coordination of strategic stocks (Article 23)
The publisher's words: “shall adopt a benchmark indicating a safe level of Union strategic stocks of strategic raw materials”
2025-06-17announced · G7Other supportannounced
G7 leaders launched a Critical Minerals Action Plan with a roadmap for standards-based markets and a call for more public and private capital for critical minerals projects.
Covers: “critical minerals”
critical minerals in general; the source does not name graphite
The publisher's words: “We will develop a roadmap to promote standards-based markets for critical minerals”
3 further statements from the source
launch of the plan
The publisher's words: “We are launching a G7 Critical Minerals Action Plan”
roadmap content
The publisher's words: “The roadmap will establish a set of criteria that constitute a minimum threshold for standards-based markets”
capital mobilisation
The publisher's words: “We encourage our export credit agencies and development finance institutions (DFIs) to identify more opportunities for collaboration”
2025-11-04published · CanadaFundannounced
Budget 2025 proposes a Critical Minerals Sovereign Fund at Natural Resources Canada for equity investments, loan guarantees and offtake agreements, and a First and Last Mile Fund.
CAD 2 bn · “$2 billion over five years, on a cash basis, starting in 2026-27”
Covers: “critical minerals projects and companies”
critical minerals in general; the source does not name graphite
The publisher's words: “provide $2 billion over five years, on a cash basis, starting in 2026-27, to Natural Resources Canada to create the Critical Minerals Sovereign Fund”
3 further statements from the source
tools of the fund
The publisher's words: “including equity investments, loan guarantees, and offtake agreements”
First and Last Mile Fund
The publisher's words: “provide $371.8 million over four years, starting in 2026-27, to Natural Resources Canada to create the First and Last Mile Fund”
absorbs the Critical Minerals Infrastructure Fund
The publisher's words: “would absorb the Critical Minerals Infrastructure Fund and leverage its existing funding envelope to provide up to $1.5 billion in support through 2029-30”
2025-11-22published · United KingdomFundannounced
The UK critical minerals strategy Vision 2035 announces public funding for critical mineral projects and says stockpiling through procurement will be considered for the defence sector.
GBP 50 M · “up to £50 million”
Covers: “critical mineral projects in the UK”
critical minerals in general; the source does not name graphite
The publisher's words: “funding of up to £50 million will be made available by DBT to support critical mineral projects”
2 further statements from the source
stockpiling under consideration
The publisher's words: “Measures could include stockpiling, including through procurement mechanisms”
later programme page (published 22 June 2026): grant share
The publisher's words: “with £45 million of this available as grant funding”
2026-01-14signed · United StatesPrice floorannounced
Presidential proclamation under section 232 directing negotiations on imports of processed critical minerals, in which price floors for trade in critical minerals are to be considered.
Covers: “processed critical minerals and their derivative products (PCMDPs)”
critical minerals in general; the source does not name graphite
The publisher's words: “the Secretary and the Trade Representative should consider price floors for trade in critical minerals and other trade-restricting measures”
2026-02-02announced · United StatesStockpileannounced
The Export-Import Bank approved a direct loan for Project Vault, a public-private partnership that is to establish a U.S. Strategic Critical Minerals Reserve storing raw materials for manufacturers.
USD 10 bn · “a Direct Loan of up to $10 billion”
Covers: “essential raw materials”
critical minerals in general; the source does not name graphite
The publisher's words: “the EXIM Board of Directors approved a Direct Loan of up to $10 billion to Project Vault”
4 further statements from the source
what it establishes
The publisher's words: “a supply chain security initiative establishing the U.S. Strategic Critical Minerals Reserve”
storage
The publisher's words: “that will store essential raw materials in facilities across the United States”
borrower structure
The publisher's words: “providing long-term financing to a partnership between original equipment manufacturers and private sector capital providers”
later EXIM release of May 4, 2026 restating the loan
The publisher's words: “The transaction includes a direct loan of up to $10 billion”
There is no open price series for graphite, so these instruments are listed without a chart.
These figures are informational, not financial advice.
Sustainability
Four indicators, the same on every profile. Each is a figure with its unit, year and source, or a plain statement that there is none.
Carbon
Grid-carbon proxy: the grid intensity of the refining countries, weighted by their share of refining.
528gCO2e/kWh
Higher than 67% of the other 6 materials with a computed proxy.
- Covers the countries behind 100% of refinery output (Refined battery-grade supply (IEA), 2025).
- Average grid emissions intensity of the countries that refine the material, weighted by each country's share of refinery output in the source table. Countries without a grid figure are left out and the covered share is stated. A proxy for the electricity behind refining, not a product footprint: plants may run on their own power.
Water
Share of the material's mine sites on record that lie in high or extremely high baseline water stress.
23%of mine sites on record
Higher than 86% of the other 7 materials with rated mine sites.
- 3 of 13 sites with a class (13 mine and brine sites on record).
- Counted by site, not by tonnage: it is not a share of production.
- "Arid and Low Water Use" is a class of its own in the source and is not counted as high.
Land
Land visibly used by mining.
Not available per material: the area is mapped per country for all commodities together.
- Mapped from satellite images for all mining in a country. It cannot be attributed to one material or one site.
Circularity
Recycling's share of EU demand (end-of-life recycling input rate).
No published rate for this material.
- Eurostat publishes no end-of-life recycling input rate for graphite.
- 4 EU targets apply to this material; they are listed below.
There is no overall score: the four figures measure different things and are not added up. How to read these figures
The figures behind the indicators
Grid-carbon proxy for refining
estimated · proxy528gCO2e per kWh
Covers the countries behind 99.8% of refinery output (Refined battery-grade supply (IEA), 2025)
| Country | Share of refining | Grid intensity | |
|---|---|---|---|
| China | 94.4% | 5282025 | |
| Japan | 3% | 4742025 | |
| Indonesia | 1.4% | 7052025 | |
| United States | 0.6% | 3842025 | |
| Korea | 0.2% | 4182025 | |
| Germany | 0.2% | 3342025 |
Average grid emissions intensity of the countries that refine the material, weighted by each country's share of refinery output in the source table. Countries without a grid figure are left out and the covered share is stated. A proxy for the electricity behind refining, not a product footprint: plants may run on their own power.
Water stress where the mines are
estimated · by site23.1%of mine sites on record lie in high or extremely high water stress (3 of 13)
- Low (<10%)7 sites
- Low - Medium (10-20%)1 site
- Medium - High (20-40%)2 sites
- Extremely High (>80%)3 sites
Of the mines and brine operations the atlas has on record for the material, the share that lies in a sub-basin with high or extremely high baseline water stress (WRI Aqueduct 4.0). Counted by site, not by tonnage: the atlas has no output figure for most sites, so this is not a share of production. "Arid and Low Water Use" is the source's own class for dry sub-basins with little demand; it is shown apart (hatched) because it is not a stress level.
Circularity
Recycling's share of EU demand (end-of-life recycling input rate)
Eurostat publishes no end-of-life recycling input rate for graphite.
EU targets that apply
10% EU extraction benchmark from 31 December 2030
EU extraction capacity, for strategic raw materials overall
Legal text: “by 2030 … at least 10 % of the Union’s annual consumption of strategic raw materials” Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 (Critical Raw Materials Act), Article 5(1)(a)(i) ↗
40% EU processing benchmark from 31 December 2030
EU processing capacity, for strategic raw materials overall
Legal text: “by 2030 … at least 40 % of the Union’s annual consumption of strategic raw materials” Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 (Critical Raw Materials Act), Article 5(1)(a)(ii) ↗
25% EU recycling benchmark from 31 December 2030
EU recycling capacity, for strategic raw materials overall
Legal text: “by 2030 … at least 25 % of the Union’s annual consumption of strategic raw materials” Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 (Critical Raw Materials Act), Article 5(1)(a)(iii) ↗
65% Single-country limit from 31 December 2030
Largest share of EU consumption that may come from one non-EU country, per strategic raw material and processing stage
Legal text: “by 2030 … no third country accounts for more than 65 % of the Union’s annual consumption of such a strategic raw material” Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 (Critical Raw Materials Act), Article 5(1)(b) ↗
Read in the original Official Journal version; later amendments are not reflected.
Risks & policy
Export controls in force
Compiled by USGS, effective January 2026. Not a live feed.
- ▲ BanNamibia2023
Export ban: Ores and concentrates of cobalt, graphite, lithium, manganese, and rare earths (2023).
Source ↗ - ▲ LicenceChina2023
Export licensing requirement for materials and technologies: Antimony (2024), bismuth (2025), synthesized diamond (2025), gallium (2023), germanium (2023), graphite (2023), indium (2025), magnesium materials (2024), molybdenum (2025), rare earths (2025), silver (2026), tellurium (2025), tungsten (2025), and items related to lithium batteries and artificial graphite anode materials (2025).
Source ↗
Chokepoints at sea
The atlas has no record of which minerals pass through which sea passage, so no chokepoint figure is attached to this profile. Current ship counts for the main passages are on the Live page. Open the Live page
What if?
Three calculators run on the figures of this profile. Each shows its formula and what it leaves out; none is a forecast.
What the atlas does not know about graphite
How much of the chain is on record, which producer countries have no site in the atlas, how mining and refining compare, and whether a price is open.
Data coverage
Mines on record: 7.4% (4/18)
Plants on record: 0% (0/6)
Owner or operator known: 4.1% (3/18)
Assurance known: no public assurance list is ingested yet
Mines:7.4% of world output lies in countries with a record (4 of 18 countries)(Mine production, 2025)
Producer countries without a record: China 78%, Madagascar 4.4%, Tanzania 4.2%, Russia 1.4%, India 0.9%, Korea, North 0.4%, Norway 0.4%, Sri Lanka 0.2%, Turkey 0.1%, Ukraine 0%, Korea, Republic of 0%, Vietnam 0%, Austria 0%, Germany 0%
Processing plants:0% of world output lies in countries with a record (0 of 6 countries)(Refined battery-grade supply (IEA), 2025)
Producer countries without a record: China 94%, Japan 3%, Indonesia 1.4%, United States 0.6%, Korea 0.2%, Germany 0.2%
Owners and operators:4.1% of world output lies in countries with a record (3 of 18 countries)(Mine production, 2025)
Producer countries without a record: China 78%, Madagascar 4.4%, Tanzania 4.2%, Mozambique 3.3%, Russia 1.4%, India 0.9%, Korea, North 0.4%, Norway 0.4%, Sri Lanka 0.2%, Turkey 0.1%, Ukraine 0%, Korea, Republic of 0%, Vietnam 0%, Austria 0%, Germany 0%
- Assurance: No public assurance list is ingested yet
A country in these lists marks missing data, not missing industry.
Mining and refining: who leads
IEA GCMO 2026, 2025
- Mining:China 80% (about 4 in 5), 2025
- Refining:China 94% (about 9 in 10), 2025
Price transparency
No open price series for graphite: the services that publish one are licensed, so no price is shown.
Sources
Every source this profile uses, with its licence, the years its figures describe and how sure the figures are. Each chip on the profile opens the single record.
- CEPII BACI 202601 ↗40 records used
- Licence
- Etalab Open Licence 2.0
- As of
- 2024
- Confidence
- Estimated
- Geoscience Australia critical minerals 2025 ↗16 records used
- Licence
- CC-BY-4.0
- As of
- 2025
- Confidence
- Reported
- NRCan critical minerals 2026 ↗12 records used
- Licence
- OGL-Canada-2.0
- As of
- 2026
- Confidence
- Reported
- SGU mineral resources 2026 ↗9 records used
- Licence
- CC0-1.0
- As of
- 2019–2026
- Confidence
- Reported
- USGS OFR 2017-1079 (Latin America and the Caribbean) ↗8 records used
- Licence
- Public domain (U.S. Government work)
- As of
- 2014
- Confidence
- Reported
- USGS MCS 2026 ↗7 records used
- Licence
- CC0-1.0
- As of
- 2024–2026
- Confidence
- Reported · Estimated
- Ember Yearly Electricity Data ↗6 records used
- Licence
- CC-BY-4.0
- As of
- 2025
- Confidence
- Reported
- IEA GCMO 2026 ↗6 records used
- Licence
- CC-BY-4.0
- As of
- 2021–2025
- Confidence
- Reported
- Geoscience Australia plants 2026 ↗4 records used
- Licence
- CC-BY-4.0
- As of
- 2026
- Confidence
- Reported
- OpenStreetMap (Overpass) ↗4 records used
- Licence
- ODbL-1.0
- As of
- 2026
- Confidence
- Estimated
- Geoscience Australia operating mines 2025 ↗2 records used
- Licence
- CC-BY-4.0
- As of
- 2025
- Confidence
- Reported
- WRI Aqueduct 4.0 ↗1 record used
- Licence
- CC-BY-4.0
- As of
- 2023
- Confidence
- Estimated
Source registry for this material
- Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 Data Release ↗, U.S. Geological Survey, National Minerals Information Center. Licence: CC0-1.0. annual (February).
- BACI bilateral trade flows at HS6 (version 202601) ↗, CEPII. Licence: Etalab Open Licence 2.0. annual.
- Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (annex supply tables) ↗, International Energy Agency. Licence: CC-BY-4.0. annual.
History & talk
Revision history and discussion are coming soon.
Every change to a figure will be listed here with its source, its credit and its review, and each profile will have a place to discuss it. Until then the data changes only when a source is updated, and every figure links to that source.
What we don't know yet
No open source we may use gives these figures. Nothing is estimated to fill them. If you know a public source, add it.
- Recycling's share of EU demand: No published rate.Add data: Recycling's share of EU demand: No published rate.