Lithium
Battery metals
Watch and Edit are coming soon.
China refined 74% (IEA) of the world's lithium in 2025; Australia mined 32% (USGS).
74%
of the world's lithium was refined in China in 2025, according to IEA · about 3 in 4
ANNUAL 2025
Leading mining country
32%
Australia, 2025 (estimated), USGS
Leading refining country
74%
China, 2025, IEA
Sites on record
27
Mines and plants in the open sources. Coverage is partial. Also on record: 47 deposits and projects, which are not counted.
Recycling's share of EU demand
0%
2022, EU only
Overview
Lithium is extracted from hard-rock ores such as spodumene and from brines, then refined into carbonate or hydroxide for battery cathodes.
Map
- Share of world mine output
- Mine or brine operation
- Processing site
- Deposit or project (not a mine or a plant yet)
Sites are those in the open sources. A site missing here is missing from the sources, not from the world.
2025
Key facts
- Group
- Battery metals
- Stages in the atlas
- Reserves · Mine · Process · Refine · Component · Recycle
- World mine production, 2025
- 290 000 metric tons (estimated)
- World refinery production, 2025
- 319 kt Li
- Open price series
- None
Leading countries
Mine · USGS, 2025 (estimated)
The five largest shares of each stage's latest table. One source per stage; the Supply chain tab has every source and every row.
What the source does not cover
- No open price series for lithium: the World Bank Pink Sheet does not cover it, and the price services that do are licensed, so no price is shown.
Supply chain
Every stage with its table by country, the flow between stages, the largest recorded trade flows and the sites on record.
Reserves
Concentration
ANNUAL 2025Chile holds about 1 in 4 (25 %) of the world's lithium reserves recorded here.
Reserves · 2025
(Data in metric tons, lithium content, unless otherwise specified)
- Top 3 countries
- 60.0 %
- Chile, Australia, China
Who holds what
Mine
Concentration
ANNUAL 2025Australia mines about 1 in 3 (32 %) of the world's lithium recorded here.
Mine production · 2025 (estimated)
(Data in metric tons, lithium content, unless otherwise specified)
- Top 3 countries
- 72.4 %
- Australia, China, Chile
Who holds what
Process
No data yet: Lithium, process stage
We have no sourced record for this. We never fill gaps with estimates.
Help add it
Refine
Concentration
ANNUAL 2025China refines about 3 in 4 (74 %) of the world's lithium recorded here.
Chemicals (IEA) · 2025
kt = kilotonnes. Raw materials cover the extraction of lithium from hard-rock ore, as well as from clays and brines. Lithium chemicals cover the first production of lithium carbonate, hydroxide, sulphates and chlorides, and exclude reprocessing.
- Top 3 countries
- 95.0 %
- China, Chile, Argentina
Who holds what
Component
No data yet: Lithium, component stage
We have no sourced record for this. We never fill gaps with estimates.
Help add it
Recycle
No data yet: Lithium, recycle stage
We have no sourced record for this. We never fill gaps with estimates.
Help add it
Flow through the stages
Bars are each country's share of one stage, taken from one source. Bands are trade flows that customs data record between two countries. The two are measured differently, so a band's width says nothing about a bar's height. Where the data records nothing, the diagram says so.
The diagram is wider than this screen. Swipe it sideways to see every stage.
- Bar: a country's share of the stage's output. Height is the share. Sources:Mine 2025Refine 2025
- Band: recorded trade, by value, 2024. In US dollars, not tonnes. Width compares flows of the same product only. A band runs from the exporter to the importer's place in the next stage; the data does not say what the importer did with the product. The data holds only the largest flows of the material: 40 of 1 310 flows, covering 94.4 % of traded value.
- Dashed band: the customs code mixes grades or forms, so the stage of the product is uncertain. The table marks these with ≈.
- Dashed box: a country that appears in a recorded trade flow but has no row in this stage's table. It has no share.
- Not recorded: material processed in the country that mined it. Trade data only sees border crossings. A dotted line joins a country that appears in two neighbouring tables.
- Return arrow: recycling's share of EU demand (end-of-life recycling input rate). EU only, so it cannot be compared with the world shares above. Width: 1 px at 0 % to 10 px at 100 %.
Table of what is drawn (27 country marks, 40 trade flows)
| Stage | Country | Share | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mine 2025 | Australia | 34.3 % | 104 kt Li | |
| Mine 2025 | China | 23.1 % | 70 kt Li | |
| Mine 2025 | Chile | 17.2 % | 52 kt Li | |
| Mine 2025 | Zimbabwe | 9.2 % | 28 kt Li | |
| Mine 2025 | Argentina | 6.3 % | 19 kt Li | |
| Mine 2025 | Canada | 2.3 % | 7 kt Li | |
| Mine 2025 | Other / not attributed | 7.6 % | 23 kt Lithe source's own "other" row | |
| Refine 2025 | China | 73.7 % | 235 kt Li | |
| Refine 2025 | Chile | 16.3 % | 52 kt Li | |
| Refine 2025 | Argentina | 5.0 % | 16 kt Li | |
| Refine 2025 | Australia | 1.9 % | 6 kt Li | |
| Refine 2025 | Germany | 0.9 % | 3 kt Li | |
| Refine 2025 | United States | 0.3 % | 1 kt Li | |
| Refine 2025 | Other / not attributed | 1.9 % | 5 kt Lithe source's own "other" row |
Countries drawn as dashed boxes (in trade flows only)
- Refine: Rep. of Korea; Japan; United Kingdom; Bolivia (Plurinational State of); Netherlands; Russian Federation
- Component: China; Rep. of Korea; Japan; USA; Belgium-Luxembourg (...1998); Netherlands; 6 more countries (Fed. Rep. of Germany (...1990), Sweden, United Kingdom, Poland, France, India)
Recycling loop
- Lithium: 0.0 % (2022, European Union)
Largest trade flows · 2024
Reconciled customs data (CEPII BACI), by value. Trade data lags: this is the latest complete year. 40 of 1 310 flows shown, covering 94.4 % of traded value.
| From → to | Product of stage | Million USD | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chile → China | Refine | 2 026.7 | |
| China → Rep. of Korea | Refine ≈ | 1 355.7 | |
| China → Japan | Refine ≈ | 547.7 | |
| Argentina → China | Refine | 464 | |
| Chile → Rep. of Korea | Refine | 319.4 | |
| Chile → Rep. of Korea | Refine ≈ | 175.4 | |
| Chile → USA | Refine | 111.2 | |
| Chile → Japan | Refine | 107.6 | |
| Chile → Netherlands | Refine | 98.9 | |
| Argentina → Rep. of Korea | Refine | 95.8 |
≈ marks a customs code that mixes grades or forms of the material, so stages cannot be told apart. Expert mode shows the codes.
Sites on record · 27 and 47 deposits and projects
74 of 74 shown
- AdinaProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- AuthierProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Bald HillMine · Australia
- Battery Materials ParkProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- BoardwalkProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- BuldaniaDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- BynoeDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- Chemetall Foote plantBrine operation · Chile
- Clearwater ProjectProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Darwin-LFP CAMProcessing plant · Australia
- FaradayDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- FinnissMine · Australia
- GalaxyProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Georgia LakeProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- GreenbushesMine · Australia
- JärkvissleDeposit (no mine) · Sweden
- Kathleen ValleyMine · Australia
- Kemerton-LiRefinery · Australia
- Kindersley LithiumProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- King TambaDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- Kwinana-LiRefinery · Australia
- Kwinana-LiRefinery · Australia
- Lake Superior plantProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Lithium Carbonate RefineryProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Lithium Demonstration PlantProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Lithium Hydroxide RefineryProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Lithium Hydroxide RefineryProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Lithium RefineryProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Lithium RefineryProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- LuniDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- MannaProject (not producing yet) · Australia
- Marble BarDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- MedcalfDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- Mine brines of Atacama SalarBrine operation · Chile
- Mine WhabouchiMine · Canada
- MoblanProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Mount DeansDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- Mount EdonDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- Mount HollandMine · Australia
- Mount IdaDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- Mount MarionMine · Australia
- Mt CattlinMine · Australia
- Nemaska lithium conversion facilityProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- NiobeDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- North American LithiumMine · Canada
- Pakeagama LakeProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- PilgangooraMine · Australia
- Pilgangoora-Li-PRefinery · Australia
- Pioneer DomeDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- Plant at Salar del CarmenBrine operation · Chile
- Planta Salar Atacama AlbemarleMine · Chile
- Prairie LithiumProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Proyecto FenixMine · Argentina
- Rainbow LakeProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- RaleighProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- RoseProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Salar del Hombre MuertoBrine operation · Argentina
- Salar OlarozBrine operation · Argentina
- Separation RapidsProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Separation Rapids Lithium DepositMine · Canada
- Seymour Lake (Root Lake)Project (not producing yet) · Canada
- ShaakichiuwaanaanProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Silver Peak Lithium MineMine · United States
- SirmacProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Split RocksDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- Tabba TabbaDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- TancoMine · Canada
- Thompson Bros (Snow Lake Lithium)Project (not producing yet) · Canada
- Thunder Bay PlantProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Viewfield / MansurProject (not producing yet) · Canada
- Whabouchi (Nemaska)Project (not producing yet) · Canada
- WodginaMine · Australia
- YinnetharraDeposit (no mine) · Australia
- Zabuye Lithium MineMine · China
One entry per site. Where two sources describe the same site, the atlas lists the record of the source it ranks higher.
United States view: Lithium
These figures describe the United States only. They are not global figures.
- Net import reliance · 2025
- >50 %
- Import sources · 2021-24
- Chile54 %
- Argentina43 %
- Other3 %
- Main uses
- Batteries.
Money
The open price series where one exists, and one estimate with its formula. No licensed market data is shown.
Price
There is no open price series for lithium, so the atlas shows no price and no estimated value.
- No open price series for lithium: the World Bank Pink Sheet does not cover it, and the price services that do are licensed, so no price is shown.
An estimated production value is computed only where an open price exists (copper and nickel). Why prices are missing
Investment pipeline
announced figuresPlanned and under-construction lithium projects with a publicly announced capital cost, public financial backing, or both. Each line is one statement by the named publisher on the given date; the atlas adds nothing to it.
Cínovec lithium projectPlannedMine and processing
Geomet s.r.o. · Cínovec and Prunéřov, Ústí nad Labem Region · Czech Republic · Lithium
“definitive feasibility study complete; shareholders will decide on the implementation and financing of the next stage” · status as printed on 2025-12-19
- Announced capital cost
CZK 42 bn2025-12-19
total investment of the lithium park (printed as 'more than 42 billion CZK') · ČEZ
The publisher's words: “The total investment of the lithium park is estimated at more than 42 billion CZK.”
- Public backing
no amount statedStrategic project status · “recognised as Strategic Project (Commission Decision C(2025) 1904, annex item 9)” · 2025-03-25
European Commission
The publisher's words: “Cínovec lithium project is an ongoing integrated extraction and processing project in Czechia. The project promoted by Geomet s.r.o.”
CZK 800 MGrant · “subsidy received this April” · 2025-12-19
Fair Transition Fund
The publisher's words: “the CZK 800 million subsidy from the Fair Transition Fund that Geomet received this April”
EUR 350 MGrant · “approved a subsidy of up to; to be drawn between 2029 and 2031” · 2025-12-19
Czech government (Strategic Investments for a Climate Neutral Economy programme)
The publisher's words: “Czech government also approved a subsidy of up to 350 million euros (CZK 8.8 billion) from the Strategic Investments for a Climate Neutral Economy programme”
Lithium Hydroxide Converter GubenPlannedProcessing
Rock Tech Guben GmbH · Guben, Brandenburg · Germany · Lithium
“fully permitted; CapEx estimate updated” · status as printed on 2025-10-23
- Announced capital cost
EUR 680 M2025-10-23
CapEx for commissioning the facility (management estimate) · Rock Tech Lithium Inc.
The publisher's words: “management now estimates the CapEx for commissioning the facility at approximately €680 million, compared to the prior estimate of €730 million”
- Public backing
no amount statedStrategic project status · “recognised as Strategic Project (Commission Decision C(2025) 1904, annex item 24)” · 2025-03-25
European Commission
The publisher's words: “Lithium Hydroxide Converter Guben is an ongoing processing project in Germany. The project promoted by Rock Tech Guben GmbH”
EUR 90 MGrant · “has issued an LOI committing up to” · 2024-06-27
Brandenburg’s Ministry for Economic Affairs, Labour and Energy
The publisher's words: “Brandenburg’s Ministry for Economic Affairs, Labour and Energy has issued an LOI committing up to 90 million EUR in grants”
EUR 10 MGrant · “application for federal funding has been confirmed” · 2024-12-31
German Railway Authority
The publisher's words: “application for federal funding from the German Railway Authority has been confirmed and will provide a contribution of another 10 million Euros in grants”
Later statements
Brandenburg’s Ministry for Economic Affairs, Labour and Energy: The LOI expired on December 31, 2024.2024-12-31
The publisher's words: “The LOI expired on December 31, 2024.”
Zero Carbon Lithium (Phase One Lionheart Project)Under constructionMine and processing
Vulcan Energie Ressourcen GmbH · Upper Rhine Valley · Germany · Lithium
“Final Investment Decision in December 2025, when construction activities officially commenced” · status as printed on 2026-05-27
- Announced capital cost
No announced capital cost was read.
- Public backing
no amount statedStrategic project status · “recognised as Strategic Project (Commission Decision C(2025) 1904, annex item 47)” · 2025-03-25
European Commission
The publisher's words: “Zero Carbon Lithium is an ongoing extraction project in Germany. The project promoted by Vulcan Energie Ressourcen GmbH”
EUR 150 MEquity · “is investing up to” · 2026-09-09
Raw Materials Fund (managed by KfW, under the Germany Fund)
The publisher's words: “Raw Materials Fund, under the umbrella of the Germany Fund, is investing up to EUR 150 million in the implementation of the ambitious Lionheart project”
Linked, not quoted (the publisher's terms forbid reuse, so no figure is taken from the page): European Investment Bank
EMILIPlannedMine and processing
IMERYS Ceramics France and IMERYS Lithium France · Allier · France · Lithium
“finalisation de l'étude de faisabilité définitive, jalon majeur prévu début 2027” · status as printed on 2026-02-11
- Announced capital cost
No announced capital cost was read.
- Public backing
no amount statedStrategic project status · “recognised as Strategic Project (Commission Decision C(2025) 1904, annex item 12)” · 2025-03-25
European Commission
The publisher's words: “EMILI is an ongoing integrated extraction and processing project in France. The project promoted by IMERYS Ceramics France and IMERYS Lithium France”
EUR 50 MEquity · “prise de participation de l'État au capital du projet (annoncée)” · 2026-02-11
État français (via Banque des Territoires, France 2030)
The publisher's words: “L'investissement de l'État d'un montant de 50 millions d'euros”Our translation: “The State's investment of 50 million euros”
EUR 116 MGrant · “table column 'Innovation Fund grant (EUR million)'; project start 01/09/2026; covers the lithium hydroxide refinery plant” · 2026-11-01
EU Innovation Fund
The publisher's words: “01/09/2026 Imerys Holding | Imerys 2,332,289 116.0”
Barroso Lithium ProjectPlannedMine
Savannah Lithium, Unipessoal, Lda. · Portugal · Lithium
“Production targeted for end 2028” · status as printed on 2026-10-01
- Announced capital cost
USD 418 M2026-10-01
Capex total including pre-strip & contingency (Phase 1 DFS, July 2026); US$323m net of the State Grant · Savannah Resources Plc
The publisher's words: “Capex: Total of US$418m including pre-strip & contingency US$323m required net of US$95m contribution from State Grant”
- Public backing
no amount statedStrategic project status · “recognised as Strategic Project (Commission Decision C(2025) 1904, annex item 5)” · 2025-03-25
European Commission
The publisher's words: “Barroso Lithium Project is an ongoing extraction project in Portugal. The project promoted by Savannah Lithium, Unipessoal, Lda.”
EUR 110 MGrant · “Awarded a non-reimbursable grant of up to” · 2026-04-15
Portuguese State
The publisher's words: “Awarded a non-reimbursable grant of up to EUR110m by the Portuguese State”
USD 270 MLoan guarantee · “eligible for a loan guarantee” · 2026-04-15
German Government
The publisher's words: “eligible for a loan guarantee from the German Government for up to USD270m”
Rhyolite Ridge Lithium-Boron ProjectPlannedMine and processing
Ioneer · Nevada · United States · Lithium
“the Board will be positioned to consider a Final Investment Decision (FID)” · status as printed on 2026-08
- Announced capital cost
USD 1.68 bn2025-10-29
AACE Class 2 capital cost estimate (-10%, +15%) including a 10% contingency; table row: Initial capital expenditure (including contingencies) US$M 1,683.2 · Ioneer
The publisher's words: “U.S.$1,683 million – AACE Class 2 capital cost estimate (-10%, +15%) including a 10% contingency”
- Public backing
USD 996 MLoan · “closed” · 2025-12-19
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Dominance Financing (formerly Loan Programs Office)
The publisher's words: “In January, Rhyolite Ridge closed a US$996 million loan with the U.S. Department of Energy”
no amount statedLoan · “has conditions to first draw” · 2025-12-19
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Dominance Financing (formerly Loan Programs Office)
The publisher's words: “$968 million in principal and $28 million in capitalised interest and has conditions to first draw”
South West Arkansas ProjectPlannedMine and processing
Smackover Lithium · southern Arkansas · United States · Lithium
“expects to take FID by the end of the first quarter of 2027” · status as printed on 2026-11-13
- Announced capital cost
USD 1.45 bn2026-11-13
All-in Class III capex estimate (Definitive Feasibility Study), includes a 12.3% contingency · Standard Lithium Ltd.
The publisher's words: “All-in Class III capex estimate of $1.45 billion includes a 12.3% Monte Carlo risked contingency.”
- Public backing
USD 225 MGrant · “closed” · 2025-01-16
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Manufacturing & Energy Supply Chains
The publisher's words: “has closed the US$225 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy’s”
Thacker PassUnder constructionMine and processing
Lithium Americas Corp. · Humboldt County, Nevada · United States · Lithium
“major construction of the processing plant at Thacker Pass Phase 1” · status as printed on 2026-05-14
- Announced capital cost
USD 2.93 bn2026-05-14
total Capex estimate per the Company's Technical Report (effective December 31, 2024), Thacker Pass Phase 1; source says it did not include any exposure to tariffs · Lithium Americas Corp.
The publisher's words: “of which $1.1 billion is part of the total Capex estimate of $2.93 billion per the Company’s Technical Report.”
- Public backing
USD 2.26 bnLoan · “closed” · 2025-03-28
U.S. Department of Energy, Loan Programs Office
The publisher's words: “Loan Programs Office closed a $2.26 billion loan under the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program”
no amount statedEquity · “restructured its deal; 5% equity ownership in the form of LAC warrants” · 2025-09-30
U.S. Department of Energy, Loan Programs Office
The publisher's words: “The new terms provide the U.S. Government with 5% equity ownership in the form of LAC warrants”
USD 2.23 bnLoan · “Project financing for Phase 1 includes a $2.23 billion loan” · 2026-05-14
U.S. Department of Energy
The publisher's words: “Project financing for Phase 1 includes a $2.23 billion loan from the U.S. DOE and strategic investments from GM and Orion.”
A short, hand-read list, not a census: 19 projects in all. Announced amounts are not spending, a letter of interest or a conditional commitment is not a loan, and amounts stay in the currency of the announcement.
Public support instruments
Stockpiles, price floors, offtake and purchasing programmes and public funds whose source names lithium, and general critical-minerals instruments (marked). Each is one statement by its publisher.
2024-05-23in force from · European UnionJoint purchasingin force
The Critical Raw Materials Act obliges the Commission to run a demand-aggregation and joint-purchasing system for strategic raw materials and to set a benchmark for strategic stocks.
Covers: “strategic raw materials” · Materials: Cobalt, Copper, Gallium, Germanium, Lithium, Graphite, Nickel, Rare earths, Tungsten
The publisher's words: “The Commission shall set up and operate a system to aggregate the demand of interested undertakings consuming strategic raw materials established in the Union”
2 further statements from the source
joint negotiation of purchases allowed (Article 25(5))
The publisher's words: “may, on a transparent basis, jointly negotiate the purchase, including the prices or other terms and conditions of the purchasing agreement”
coordination of strategic stocks (Article 23)
The publisher's words: “shall adopt a benchmark indicating a safe level of Union strategic stocks of strategic raw materials”
2025-06-17announced · G7Other supportannounced
G7 leaders launched a Critical Minerals Action Plan with a roadmap for standards-based markets and a call for more public and private capital for critical minerals projects.
Covers: “critical minerals”
critical minerals in general; the source does not name lithium
The publisher's words: “We will develop a roadmap to promote standards-based markets for critical minerals”
3 further statements from the source
launch of the plan
The publisher's words: “We are launching a G7 Critical Minerals Action Plan”
roadmap content
The publisher's words: “The roadmap will establish a set of criteria that constitute a minimum threshold for standards-based markets”
capital mobilisation
The publisher's words: “We encourage our export credit agencies and development finance institutions (DFIs) to identify more opportunities for collaboration”
2025-11-04published · CanadaFundannounced
Budget 2025 proposes a Critical Minerals Sovereign Fund at Natural Resources Canada for equity investments, loan guarantees and offtake agreements, and a First and Last Mile Fund.
CAD 2 bn · “$2 billion over five years, on a cash basis, starting in 2026-27”
Covers: “critical minerals projects and companies”
critical minerals in general; the source does not name lithium
The publisher's words: “provide $2 billion over five years, on a cash basis, starting in 2026-27, to Natural Resources Canada to create the Critical Minerals Sovereign Fund”
3 further statements from the source
tools of the fund
The publisher's words: “including equity investments, loan guarantees, and offtake agreements”
First and Last Mile Fund
The publisher's words: “provide $371.8 million over four years, starting in 2026-27, to Natural Resources Canada to create the First and Last Mile Fund”
absorbs the Critical Minerals Infrastructure Fund
The publisher's words: “would absorb the Critical Minerals Infrastructure Fund and leverage its existing funding envelope to provide up to $1.5 billion in support through 2029-30”
2025-11-22published · United KingdomFundannounced
The UK critical minerals strategy Vision 2035 announces public funding for critical mineral projects and says stockpiling through procurement will be considered for the defence sector.
GBP 50 M · “up to £50 million”
Covers: “critical mineral projects in the UK”
critical minerals in general; the source does not name lithium
The publisher's words: “funding of up to £50 million will be made available by DBT to support critical mineral projects”
2 further statements from the source
stockpiling under consideration
The publisher's words: “Measures could include stockpiling, including through procurement mechanisms”
later programme page (published 22 June 2026): grant share
The publisher's words: “with £45 million of this available as grant funding”
2025-12-03announced · European UnionFundannounced
The Commission adopted the RESourceEU Action Plan: project financing, a European Critical Raw Materials Centre, joint purchasing through the Raw Materials Platform and a stockpiling pilot.
EUR 3 bn · “up to €3 billion over the next 12 months”
Covers: “critical raw materials, such as rare earth elements, cobalt or lithium” · Materials: Rare earths, Cobalt, Lithium
The publisher's words: “The EU will mobilise up to €3 billion over the next 12 months to support concrete projects”
5 further statements from the source
adoption
The publisher's words: “The European Commission has adopted today the RESourceEU Action Plan”
European Critical Raw Materials Centre planned
The publisher's words: “In early 2026, the Commission will set up a European Critical Raw Materials Centre”
joint purchasing and offtake via the Raw Materials Platform
The publisher's words: “the Raw Materials Platform will facilitate the efforts of the companies to aggregate demand, jointly purchase strategic raw materials and secure offtake agreements”
stockpiling pilot
The publisher's words: “with a pilot scheme set to become operational in early 2026”
materials named
The publisher's words: “secure the EU's supply of critical raw materials, such as rare earth elements, cobalt or lithium”
2026-01-14signed · United StatesPrice floorannounced
Presidential proclamation under section 232 directing negotiations on imports of processed critical minerals, in which price floors for trade in critical minerals are to be considered.
Covers: “processed critical minerals and their derivative products (PCMDPs)”
critical minerals in general; the source does not name lithium
The publisher's words: “the Secretary and the Trade Representative should consider price floors for trade in critical minerals and other trade-restricting measures”
2026-02-02announced · United StatesStockpileannounced
The Export-Import Bank approved a direct loan for Project Vault, a public-private partnership that is to establish a U.S. Strategic Critical Minerals Reserve storing raw materials for manufacturers.
USD 10 bn · “a Direct Loan of up to $10 billion”
Covers: “essential raw materials”
critical minerals in general; the source does not name lithium
The publisher's words: “the EXIM Board of Directors approved a Direct Loan of up to $10 billion to Project Vault”
4 further statements from the source
what it establishes
The publisher's words: “a supply chain security initiative establishing the U.S. Strategic Critical Minerals Reserve”
storage
The publisher's words: “that will store essential raw materials in facilities across the United States”
borrower structure
The publisher's words: “providing long-term financing to a partnership between original equipment manufacturers and private sector capital providers”
later EXIM release of May 4, 2026 restating the loan
The publisher's words: “The transaction includes a direct loan of up to $10 billion”
There is no open price series for lithium, so these instruments are listed without a chart.
These figures are informational, not financial advice.
Sustainability
Four indicators, the same on every profile. Each is a figure with its unit, year and source, or a plain statement that there is none.
Carbon
Grid-carbon proxy: the grid intensity of the refining countries, weighted by their share of refining.
477gCO2e/kWh
Higher than 33% of the other 6 materials with a computed proxy.
- Covers the countries behind 98% of refinery output (Chemicals (IEA), 2025).
- Average grid emissions intensity of the countries that refine the material, weighted by each country's share of refinery output in the source table. Countries without a grid figure are left out and the covered share is stated. A proxy for the electricity behind refining, not a product footprint: plants may run on their own power.
Water
Share of the material's mine sites on record that lie in high or extremely high baseline water stress.
4.5%of mine sites on record
Higher than 14% of the other 7 materials with rated mine sites.
- 1 of 22 sites with a class (22 mine and brine sites on record).
- Counted by site, not by tonnage: it is not a share of production.
- "Arid and Low Water Use" is a class of its own in the source and is not counted as high.
Land
Land visibly used by mining.
Not available per material: the area is mapped per country for all commodities together.
- Mapped from satellite images for all mining in a country. It cannot be attributed to one material or one site.
Circularity
Recycling's share of EU demand (end-of-life recycling input rate).
0%of EU demand
None of the other 8 elements in the atlas with a published EU rate has a lower figure.
- Published for the EU as a whole. It cannot be compared with world shares.
- End-of-life recycling input rate: the share of EU demand met by recycling old scrap. EU only. Values differ between assessment years partly because the method changed.
- 8 EU targets apply to this material; they are listed below.
There is no overall score: the four figures measure different things and are not added up. How to read these figures
The figures behind the indicators
Grid-carbon proxy for refining
estimated · proxy477gCO2e per kWh
Covers the countries behind 98.1% of refinery output (Chemicals (IEA), 2025)
| Country | Share of refining | Grid intensity | |
|---|---|---|---|
| China | 73.7% | 5282025 | |
| Chile | 16.3% | 2912025 | |
| Argentina | 5% | 3462025 | |
| Australia | 1.9% | 5182025 | |
| Germany | 0.9% | 3342025 | |
| United States | 0.3% | 3842025 |
Average grid emissions intensity of the countries that refine the material, weighted by each country's share of refinery output in the source table. Countries without a grid figure are left out and the covered share is stated. A proxy for the electricity behind refining, not a product footprint: plants may run on their own power.
Water stress where the mines are
estimated · by site4.5%of mine sites on record lie in high or extremely high water stress (1 of 22)
- Low (<10%)11 sites
- High (40-80%)1 site
- Arid and Low Water Use10 sites
Of the mines and brine operations the atlas has on record for the material, the share that lies in a sub-basin with high or extremely high baseline water stress (WRI Aqueduct 4.0). Counted by site, not by tonnage: the atlas has no output figure for most sites, so this is not a share of production. "Arid and Low Water Use" is the source's own class for dry sub-basins with little demand; it is shown apart (hatched) because it is not a stress level.
Circularity
Recycling's share of EU demand (end-of-life recycling input rate)
| Material | 2013 | 2016 | 2019 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithium | 0% | 0% | 0.1% | 0% |
End-of-life recycling input rate: the share of EU demand met by recycling old scrap. EU only. Values differ between assessment years partly because the method changed. The latest published figure is for 2022.
EU targets that apply
6% Recycled content in new batteries from 18 August 2031
Minimum recycled share in the active materials of industrial batteries above 2 kWh, electric vehicle batteries and SLI batteries
Legal text: “From 18 August 2031 … (c) 6 % lithium;” Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 (Batteries Regulation), Article 8(2)(c) ↗
12% Recycled content in new batteries from 18 August 2036
Minimum recycled share in the active materials of industrial, electric vehicle, LMT and SLI batteries
Legal text: “From 18 August 2036 … (c) 12 % lithium;” Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 (Batteries Regulation), Article 8(3)(c) ↗
50% Recovery from waste batteries from 31 December 2027
Share of the material that recycling of waste batteries must recover
Legal text: “No later than 31 December 2027 … (d) 50 % for lithium;” Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 (Batteries Regulation), Annex XII, Part C, point 1 ↗
80% Recovery from waste batteries from 31 December 2031
Share of the material that recycling of waste batteries must recover
Legal text: “No later than 31 December 2031 … (d) 80 % for lithium;” Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 (Batteries Regulation), Annex XII, Part C, point 2 ↗
10% EU extraction benchmark from 31 December 2030
EU extraction capacity, for strategic raw materials overall
Legal text: “by 2030 … at least 10 % of the Union’s annual consumption of strategic raw materials” Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 (Critical Raw Materials Act), Article 5(1)(a)(i) ↗
40% EU processing benchmark from 31 December 2030
EU processing capacity, for strategic raw materials overall
Legal text: “by 2030 … at least 40 % of the Union’s annual consumption of strategic raw materials” Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 (Critical Raw Materials Act), Article 5(1)(a)(ii) ↗
25% EU recycling benchmark from 31 December 2030
EU recycling capacity, for strategic raw materials overall
Legal text: “by 2030 … at least 25 % of the Union’s annual consumption of strategic raw materials” Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 (Critical Raw Materials Act), Article 5(1)(a)(iii) ↗
65% Single-country limit from 31 December 2030
Largest share of EU consumption that may come from one non-EU country, per strategic raw material and processing stage
Legal text: “by 2030 … no third country accounts for more than 65 % of the Union’s annual consumption of such a strategic raw material” Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 (Critical Raw Materials Act), Article 5(1)(b) ↗
Read in the original Official Journal version; later amendments are not reflected.
Risks & policy
Export controls in force
Compiled by USGS, effective January 2026. Not a live feed.
Chokepoints at sea
The atlas has no record of which minerals pass through which sea passage, so no chokepoint figure is attached to this profile. Current ship counts for the main passages are on the Live page. Open the Live page
What if?
Three calculators run on the figures of this profile. Each shows its formula and what it leaves out; none is a forecast.
What the atlas does not know about lithium
How much of the chain is on record, which producer countries have no site in the atlas, how mining and refining compare, and whether a price is open.
Data coverage
Mines on record: 82.3% (5/9)
Plants on record: 1.9% (1/6)
Owner or operator known: 60.9% (4/9)
Assurance known: no public assurance list is ingested yet
Mines:82% of world output lies in countries with a record (5 of 9 countries)(Mine production, 2025)
Producer countries without a record: Zimbabwe 9.7%, Brazil 4.1%, Mali 3.2%, Portugal 0.1%
Processing plants:1.9% of world output lies in countries with a record (1 of 6 countries)(Chemicals (IEA), 2025)
Producer countries without a record: China 74%, Chile 16%, Argentina 5%, Germany 0.9%, United States 0.3%
Owners and operators:61% of world output lies in countries with a record (4 of 9 countries)(Mine production, 2025)
Producer countries without a record: China 21%, Zimbabwe 9.7%, Brazil 4.1%, Mali 3.2%, Portugal 0.1%
- Assurance: No public assurance list is ingested yet
A country in these lists marks missing data, not missing industry.
Mining and refining: who leads
IEA GCMO 2026, 2025
- Mining:Australia 34% (about 1 in 3), 2025
- Refining:China 74% (about 3 in 4), 2025
Price transparency
No open price series for lithium: the services that publish one are licensed, so no price is shown.
Sources
Every source this profile uses, with its licence, the years its figures describe and how sure the figures are. Each chip on the profile opens the single record.
- CEPII BACI 202601 ↗40 records used
- Licence
- Etalab Open Licence 2.0
- As of
- 2024
- Confidence
- Estimated
- NRCan critical minerals 2026 ↗30 records used
- Licence
- OGL-Canada-2.0
- As of
- 2026
- Confidence
- Reported
- Geoscience Australia critical minerals 2025 ↗15 records used
- Licence
- CC-BY-4.0
- As of
- 2025
- Confidence
- Reported
- Geoscience Australia operating mines 2025 ↗7 records used
- Licence
- CC-BY-4.0
- As of
- 2025
- Confidence
- Reported
- USGS MCS 2026 ↗7 records used
- Licence
- CC0-1.0
- As of
- 2024–2026
- Confidence
- Reported · Estimated
- Ember Yearly Electricity Data ↗6 records used
- Licence
- CC-BY-4.0
- As of
- 2025
- Confidence
- Reported
- IEA GCMO 2026 ↗6 records used
- Licence
- CC-BY-4.0
- As of
- 2021–2025
- Confidence
- Reported
- OpenStreetMap (Overpass) ↗6 records used
- Licence
- ODbL-1.0
- As of
- 2026
- Confidence
- Estimated
- Eurostat cei_srm010 (EOL-RIR) ↗5 records used
- Licence
- Eurostat reuse policy (reuse authorised with acknowledgement of the source)
- As of
- 2013–2022
- Confidence
- Reported
- Geoscience Australia plants 2026 ↗5 records used
- Licence
- CC-BY-4.0
- As of
- 2026
- Confidence
- Reported
- USGS OFR 2017-1079 (Latin America and the Caribbean) ↗5 records used
- Licence
- Public domain (U.S. Government work)
- As of
- 2014
- Confidence
- Reported
- WU Vienna mine database v1.0.3 ↗3 records used
- Licence
- CC-BY-4.0
- As of
- 2022
- Confidence
- Reported
- NRCan Map 900A (2025) ↗2 records used
- Licence
- OGL-Canada-2.0
- As of
- 2025
- Confidence
- Reported
- SGU mineral resources 2026 ↗1 record used
- Licence
- CC0-1.0
- As of
- 2025
- Confidence
- Reported
- WRI Aqueduct 4.0 ↗1 record used
- Licence
- CC-BY-4.0
- As of
- 2023
- Confidence
- Estimated
Source registry for this material
- Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 Data Release ↗, U.S. Geological Survey, National Minerals Information Center. Licence: CC0-1.0. annual (February).
- BACI bilateral trade flows at HS6 (version 202601) ↗, CEPII. Licence: Etalab Open Licence 2.0. annual.
- Contribution of recycled materials to raw materials demand, end-of-life recycling input rates (cei_srm010) ↗, Eurostat. Licence: Eurostat reuse policy (reuse authorised with acknowledgement of the source). every three years, with the EU critical raw materials assessment.
- Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (annex supply tables) ↗, International Energy Agency. Licence: CC-BY-4.0. annual.
History & talk
Revision history and discussion are coming soon.
Every change to a figure will be listed here with its source, its credit and its review, and each profile will have a place to discuss it. Until then the data changes only when a source is updated, and every figure links to that source.