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Madagascar

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The sources listed are the ones this profile uses, with the years their figures describe. The access date is today.

Madagascar mined 4.4% (USGS) of the world's graphite in 2025 (estimated).

4.4%

of the world's graphite mining in 2025 (estimated), according to USGS · about 1 in 20

#2 in graphite miningANNUAL 2025

  • Materials with a production share

    3

    with a mining or refining share on record

  • Sites on record

    1

    Mines and plants in the open sources. Coverage is partial.

  • Exports of the ten materials

    $614M

    2024; most of it nickel; 44 partner countries

  • Grid emissions intensity

    434gCO2e/kWh

    2024

OverviewSupply chainMoneySustainabilityRisks & policySourcesHistory & talk

Overview

What it produces

Share of world output, per material and stage. Each bar is one source's figure; where two sources report the same stage, both are shown and never blended. A full-width bar would be 100%.

  • Graphite· Mine

    • 4.4%about 1 in 20#2 in graphite miningUSGS, 2025 (estimated) · 80 000 t

      Rank 2 of the 18 countries with a figure in this USGS table.

    • 3.9%about 1 in 20#2 in graphite miningIEA, 2025 · 70 kt

      Rank 2 of the 6 countries with a figure in this IEA table.

  • Cobalt· Mine

    • 1.2%#4 in cobalt miningUSGS, 2025 (estimated) · 3 900 t

      Rank 4 of the 12 countries with a figure in this USGS table.

  • Rare earths· Mine

    • 0.7%#7 in rare earths miningUSGS, 2025 (estimated) · 2 700 t

      Rank 7 of the 12 countries with a figure in this USGS table.

Key facts

Country code
MDG
GDP
$20bn (2025)
Mineral rents, share of GDP
0% (2021)
Ores and metals, share of goods exports
33% (2024)
Mining area, all commodities
45 km² (2019; rank 78 of 144)

Money →Sustainability →Risks & policy →

Map

Basemap: Natural Earth (public domain)
  • Madagascar
  • Mine or brine operation
  • Processing site

Sites are those in the open sources. A site missing here is missing from the sources, not from the world.

Sites on record · 1

1 of 1 shown

One entry per site. Where two sources describe the same site, the atlas lists the record of the source it ranks higher.

Country in context

Graphite: Mine production, 2025 (estimated). All rows come from the same table.

Country in context: Graphite, Mine production, 2025
Countrymetric tonsShare of worldSource
MadagascarThis country80 0004.4 %
ChinaLargest producer in the table1 400 00077.8 %
World totalWorld total as the source gives it1 800 000–

Supply chain

Every figure the sources give for this country, its trade partners per material, and where its sites are.

Production, refining and reserves

The latest year of each series. Share is of the series total: the larger of the source world total and the sum of its rows. Rank counts only the countries that have a number in that series.

Production, refining and reserves: Madagascar
SeriesAmountShare of worldSource
Cobalt: Mine production2025 (estimated) · USGS MCS 2026 · rank 4 of 123 900 t1.2 %
Cobalt: Reserves2025 · USGS MCS 2026 · rank 9 of 12100 000 t0.8 %
Graphite: Mine production2025 (estimated) · USGS MCS 2026 · rank 2 of 1880 000 t4.4 %
Graphite: Mining (natural graphite) (IEA)2025 · IEA GCMO 2026 · rank 2 of 670 kt3.9 %
Graphite: Reserves2025 · USGS MCS 2026 · rank 3 of 1527 000 000 t8.7 %
Rare earths: Mine production2025 (estimated) · USGS MCS 2026 · rank 7 of 122 700 t0.7 %
Rare earths: Reserves2025 · USGS MCS 2026Not available–

Mines and plants listed without coordinates · 9

The USGS Minerals Yearbook names these operations in Madagascar with company, place and annual capacity, but gives no coordinates, so they are not on the map. Capacity is not production. Each row is from the chapter year shown.

Material and productKindCompany, as listedPlace, as listedAnnual capacityYearSource
CobaltCobalt > MineMineMine at Ambatovy6,600.enot given2019
CobaltCobalt > RefinedPlantRefinery at Tamatave5,600.not given2019
GraphiteGraphiteNot specifiedGallois Mine near Tamatave150,000.not given2019
GraphiteGraphiteNot specifiedGraphmada Mine near Mahatsara6,000.not given2019
GraphiteGraphiteNot specifiedMine in Atsinanana Region10,000.not given2019
GraphiteGraphiteNot specifiedSahamamy Mine in Atsinanana Region3,000.not given2019
NickelNickel > MineMineMine at Ambatovy71,000.enot given2019
NickelNickel > RefinedPlantRefinery at Tamatave60,000.not given2019
Rare earthsRare earthsNot specifiedMine at Mandena22,000e monazite; 4,400e rare-earth oxides.not given2019

Trade partners

1 recorded flow, 2024

Basemap: Natural Earth (public domain)
  • Recorded trade flow; a thicker line is a larger value
  • Madagascar

Lines join the middle of each country. They are not shipping routes.

Recorded trade flows of Madagascar: Cobalt
PartnerMaterialYearValue, US$Source
Export toUSACobaltRefine2024$48M

Reconciled customs data (CEPII BACI), by value. The data holds only the largest flows of each material, so this is not the country’s full trade.

1 sites, deposits and projects on record are listed with the map in the Overview →

Money

What the trade data and the World Bank record in money terms. Every value is a reported figure with its own year.

All recorded trade flows of 2024 under the customs codes that isolate one of the ten materials, by value (CEPII BACI, reconciled estimates, current US dollars). Codes that mix several materials are left out, so trade in those materials is understated; gallium and germanium have no usable code at all. Each material lists its five largest partners. Why trade data blurs some materials

Exports of the ten materials

$614Min 2024, with 44 partner countries

Imports of the ten materials

$42,858in 2024, with 4 partner countries

The economy around mining

World Bank indicators. Each has its own latest year, shown next to the value; mineral rents are often several years old.

  • GDP (current US$)

    $20bn

    Year 2025

  • Mineral rents (% of GDP)

    0%

    Year 2021

  • Ores and metals exports (% of merchandise exports)

    33%

    Year 2024

Government revenue from extractives

EITI, reported

What government agencies reported receiving from extractive companies, per fiscal year, as the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) publishes it in US dollars. A total covers every sector the country's report covers and is not split by mineral.

$22Mlatest reported fiscal year, 2021

Sectors in the report: mining, oil · Period: 2021-01-01 – 2021-12-31

All 12 reported years
Fiscal yearGovernment revenue (US$)Sectors in the reportCountry fileSource
20212021-01-01 – 2021-12-3121 872 127mining, oilsummary file
20202020-01-01 – 2020-12-3119 624 826mining, oil, gassummary file
20192019-01-01 – 2019-12-3124 777 338mining, oil, gassummary file
20182018-01-01 – 2018-12-3170 584 469mining, oil, gassummary file
20172017-01-01 – 2017-12-3147 848 638mining, oil, gassummary file
20162016-01-01 – 2016-12-3123 506 315mining, oil, gassummary file
20152015-01-01 – 2015-12-3130 608 158mining, oil, gassummary file
20142014-01-01 – 2014-12-3138 971 655mining, oil, gassummary file
20132013-01-01 – 2013-12-31193 787 494mining, oil, gassummary file
20122012-01-01 – 2012-12-31140 501 116mining, oil, gassummary file
20112011-01-01 – 2011-12-3170 386far from this country's other years; shown as the source gives itmining, oil, gassummary file
20102010-01-01 – 2010-12-31129 675 441mining, oil, gassummary file

A marked year is far from the country's other years (rule: A year is marked when the country has at least 3 other years with a positive total and the year's total is zero or negative, more than 20 times the median of those other years, or less than one 20th of it. A marked value is shown exactly as EITI's API gives it; it may be in another unit, or it may be right (the United Kingdom's negative 2016 total is repayments exceeding receipts).). The atlas does not correct it; check the country's own report.

EITI reports lag by two to four years. The figure is the report's own total and is not adjusted for inflation. Republished under EITI's Content Use Policy with credit to the EITI International Secretariat, eiti.org. These figures are kept in a file of their own and are not part of the atlas's ODbL data. EITI open data

Investment pipeline

announced figures

Planned and under-construction projects in Madagascar with a publicly announced capital cost, public financial backing, or both. Each line is one statement by the named publisher on the given date; the atlas adds nothing to it.

No data yet. The atlas has read no announcement of this kind for a project in Madagascar. The list is short and hand-read; a missing project is missing from the list, not from the world.

A short, hand-read list, not a census: 19 projects in all. Announced amounts are not spending, a letter of interest or a conditional commitment is not a loan, and amounts stay in the currency of the announcement.

Public support instruments

Stockpiles, price floors, offtake and purchasing programmes and public funds of Madagascar's government, as dated policy events of the type "public support". Each is one statement by its publisher.

No data yet. The atlas has read no public support instrument of Madagascar's government. The list is short and hand-read.

These figures are informational, not financial advice.

Sustainability

Four indicators, the same on every profile. Each is a figure with its unit, year and source, or a plain statement that there is none.

  • Carbon

    Emissions intensity of the country's electricity grid.

    434gCO2e/kWh

    2024Reported

    Higher than 47% of the other 208 countries with a grid figure.

    • It describes the national grid, not mining or refining. Sites may run on their own power.

  • Water

    Share of the country's mine sites on record that lie in high or extremely high baseline water stress.

    0%of mine sites on record

    2023Estimated

    No world percentile: the number of sites on record differs too much between countries to compare them.

    • 0 of 1 sites with a class (1 mine and brine sites on record).
    • Counted by site, not by tonnage: it is not a share of production.
    • "Arid and Low Water Use" is a class of its own in the source and is not counted as high.

  • Land

    Land visibly used by mining in the country, every commodity together.

    45km²

    2019Estimated

    Higher than 46% of the other 143 countries with a mapped mining area.

    • Rank 78 of 144 countries by area.
    • Mapped from satellite images for all mining in a country. It cannot be attributed to one material or one site.

  • Circularity

    Recycling's share of demand.

    Not available per country: recycling rates in the atlas are published per material, for the EU as a whole.

There is no overall score: the four figures measure different things and are not added up. How to read these figures

Risks & policy

Export controls in force

Compiled by USGS, effective January 2026. Not a live feed.

USGS Table 4 lists no export control by this country for the materials in the atlas.

Chokepoints at sea

The atlas has no record of which minerals pass through which sea passage, so no chokepoint figure is attached to this profile. Current ship counts for the main passages are on the Live page. Open the Live page

Gaps

What the atlas is missing for Madagascar

Computed from the data. Each line names a record that exists and one that does not. It marks missing data, not missing industry.

  • Listed as a graphite producer (4.4% of world output; Mine production, 2025), but no mine is on record.
  • A graphite producer (4.4% of world output; Mine production, 2025), but no site record names an owner or operator.
  • Listed as a rare earths producer (0.7% of world output; Mine production, 2025), but no mine is on record.
  • A rare earths producer (0.7% of world output; Mine production, 2025), but no site record names an owner or operator.
  • Trade is partial by design: the atlas holds only each material's largest flows. 2 of them name this country.

Add dataAll gaps, across materials

Sources

Every source this profile uses, with its licence, the years its figures describe and how sure the figures are. Each chip on the profile opens the single record.

The mining-area figure comes from a share-alike source (CC-BY-SA-4.0). It is kept in its own file under that licence, apart from the rest of the atlas's data.

History & talk

Revision history and discussion are coming soon.

Every change to a figure will be listed here with its source, its credit and its review, and each profile will have a place to discuss it. Until then the data changes only when a source is updated, and every figure links to that source.

What can be contributed today

What we don't know yet

No open source we may use gives these figures. Nothing is estimated to fill them. If you know a public source, add it.

Type the name of a material, a country, a site or a company.