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Antimony

Hard metals

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Cite this profile

The sources listed are the ones this profile uses, with the years their figures describe. The access date is today.

China mined 36% (USGS) of the world's antimony in 2025 (estimated).

36%

of the world's antimony was mined in China in 2025 (estimated), according to USGS · about 1 in 3

ANNUAL 2025

  • Leading mining country

    36%

    China, 2025 (estimated), USGS

  • Sites on record

    28

    Mines and plants in the open sources. Coverage is partial. Also on record: 10 deposits and projects, which are not counted.

Overview

Antimony is mined mainly as stibnite and refined into metal or trioxide, used in flame retardants, lead-acid batteries and ammunition.

Map

Basemap: Natural Earth (public domain)
  • Share of world mine output
  • Mine or brine operation
  • Processing site
  • Deposit or project (not a mine or a plant yet)

Sites are those in the open sources. A site missing here is missing from the sources, not from the world.

2025

Key facts

Group
Hard metals
Stages in the atlas
Reserves · Mine · Refine · Recycle
World mine production, 2025
110 000 metric tons (estimated)
Open price series
None

Open on the globe →Flow diagram →

Leading countries

Mine · USGS, 2025 (estimated)

  1. Chinaabout 1 in 336%
  2. Russiaabout 1 in 429%
  3. Tajikistanabout 1 in 520%
  4. Boliviaabout 1 in 204.5%
  5. Burmaabout 1 in 204.1%

The five largest shares of each stage's latest table. One source per stage; the Supply chain tab has every source and every row.

What the source does not cover

  • No open price series for antimony: the World Bank Pink Sheet does not cover it, and the price services that do are licensed, so no price is shown.

Supply chain

Every stage with its table by country, the flow between stages, the largest recorded trade flows and the sites on record.

Reserves

Concentration

ANNUAL 2025

China holds about 1 in 3 (35 %) of the world's antimony reserves recorded here.

Reserves · 2025

(Data in metric tons, antimony content, unless otherwise specified)

Top 3 countries
62.2 %
China, Russia, Bolivia

Who holds what

Mine

Concentration

ANNUAL 2025

China mines about 1 in 3 (36 %) of the world's antimony recorded here.

Mine production · 2025 (estimated)

(Data in metric tons, antimony content, unless otherwise specified)

Top 3 countries
84.9 %
China, Russia, Tajikistan

Who holds what

Refine

No data yet: No open refining data yet for antimony

We have no sourced record for this. We never fill gaps with estimates.

Help add it

Recycle

No data yet: Antimony, recycle stage

We have no sourced record for this. We never fill gaps with estimates.

Help add it

Flow through the stages

Bars are each country's share of one stage, taken from one source. Bands are trade flows that customs data record between two countries. The two are measured differently, so a band's width says nothing about a bar's height. Where the data records nothing, the diagram says so.

The diagram is wider than this screen. Swipe it sideways to see every stage.

MineMine production · 2025 (estimated)In trade flows only (no row in this table)RefineNo open table by countryfor this stage in thissourceIn trade flows only (no row in this table)After refiningNo record of whatimporters do with therefined productIn trade flows only (no row in this table)China → 9 more countries: 146.4 million USD, 2024China → USA: 132.7 million USD, 2024Tajikistan → France: 111.1 million USD, 2024Tajikistan → Belgium-Luxembourg (...1998): 110.3 million USD, 2024Thailand → China: 101.3 million USD, 2024Burma → Thailand: 81.4 million USD, 2024Myanmar → Thailand: 70.3 million USD, 2024China → Japan: 60.1 million USD, 2024China → India: 56.9 million USD, 20245 more countries → USA: 55.7 million USD, 2024Australia → China: 53 million USD, 20245 more countries → 9 more countries: 48.4 million USD, 2024Belgium-Luxembourg (...1998) → USA: 47 million USD, 2024Viet Nam → Thailand: 43.8 million USD, 2024Thailand → USA: 43.2 million USD, 2024Bolivia → China: 32.7 million USD, 2024Burma → China: 30.7 million USD, 2024Belgium-Luxembourg (...1998) → 9 more countries: 30.5 million USD, 2024Viet Nam → Japan: 25 million USD, 2024Thailand → Myanmar: 23 million USD, 2024China → Thailand: 18.7 million USD, 2024Tajikistan → China: 18.7 million USD, 2024Turkey → 5 more countries: 16.6 million USD, 2024Thailand → India: 16.6 million USD, 2024Viet Nam → France: 14.9 million USD, 2024Viet Nam → USA: 14.6 million USD, 2024Thailand → 9 more countries: 14.2 million USD, 20245 more countries → Japan: 13.7 million USD, 2024China 36.1 %Russia 28.9 %Tajikistan 19.9 %Bolivia 4.5 %Burma 4.1 %Turkey 2.7 %Australia 1.2 %Kazakhstan 0.7 %Kyrgyzstan 0.6 %Mexico 0.5 %Pakistan 0.2 %Vietnam 0.2 %Laos 0.2 %Iran 0.1 %Guatemala 0.0 %ThailandChinaTajikistanThailandViet NamMyanmarBelgium-Luxembourg (...1998)5 more countriesUSAThailandFranceBelgium-Luxembourg (...1998)JapanIndia9 more countriesRecycling loop: no published rateEurostat publishes no end-of-life recycling input rate for antimony.
  • Bar: a country's share of the stage's output. Height is the share. Sources:Mine 2025
  • Band: recorded trade, by value, 2024. In US dollars, not tonnes. Width compares flows of the same product only. A band runs from the exporter to the importer's place in the next stage; the data does not say what the importer did with the product. The data holds only the largest flows of the material: 40 of 1 245 flows, covering 65.0 % of traded value.
  • Dashed box: a country that appears in a recorded trade flow but has no row in this stage's table. It has no share.
  • Not recorded: material processed in the country that mined it. Trade data only sees border crossings. A dotted line joins a country that appears in two neighbouring tables.
  • Dashed return arrow: no published recycling rate. Eurostat publishes no end-of-life recycling input rate for antimony.
Table of what is drawn (30 country marks, 40 trade flows)
Country shares per stage, from USGS MCS 2026.
StageCountryShareAmountSource
Mine 2025China36.1 %40 000 t
Mine 2025Russia28.9 %32 000 t
Mine 2025Tajikistan19.9 %22 000 t
Mine 2025Bolivia4.5 %5 000 t
Mine 2025Burma4.1 %4 500 t
Mine 2025Turkey2.7 %3 000 t
Mine 2025Australia1.2 %1 300 t
Mine 2025Kazakhstan0.7 %800 t
Mine 2025Kyrgyzstan0.6 %700 t
Mine 2025Mexico0.5 %600 t
Mine 2025Pakistan0.2 %260 t
Mine 2025Vietnam0.2 %220 t
Mine 2025Laos0.2 %200 t
Mine 2025Iran0.1 %90 t
Mine 2025Guatemala0.0 %50 t
Recorded trade flows drawn as bands, by value, 2024. ≈ marks a customs code that mixes grades or forms.
Product of stageFrom → toMillion USDSource
RefineChina → USA132.7
RefineTajikistan → France111.1
RefineTajikistan → Belgium-Luxembourg (...1998)110.3
MineThailand → China101.3
MineMyanmar → Thailand81.4
RefineMyanmar → Thailand70.3
RefineChina → India56.9
MineAustralia → China53
RefineBelgium-Luxembourg (...1998) → USA47
RefineViet Nam → Thailand43.8
RefineChina → Other Asia, nes38.8
RefineChina → Rep. of Korea35.7
RefineChina → Japan34.7
MineBolivia (Plurinational State of) → China32.7
MineMyanmar → China30.7
RefineThailand → USA28.3
RefineBolivia (Plurinational State of) → USA26.7
RefineChina → Japan25.5
RefineFrance → Fed. Rep. of Germany (...1990)25.2
RefineViet Nam → Japan25
RefineFrance → Italy23.2
MineThailand → Myanmar23
RefineChina → Thailand18.7
MineTajikistan → China18.7
RefineBelgium-Luxembourg (...1998) → Fed. Rep. of Germany (...1990)16.7
MineTürkiye → Italy16.6
RefineThailand → India16.6
RefineChina → Indonesia16.5
RefineFrance → USA15.3
RefineViet Nam → France14.9
RefineThailand → USA14.9
RefineChina → Mexico14.7
RefineViet Nam → USA14.6
RefineThailand → Rep. of Korea14.2
RefineChina → Rep. of Korea14.2
RefineChina → Russian Federation14.2
RefineBelgium-Luxembourg (...1998) → Türkiye13.8
RefineRep. of Korea → Japan13.7
RefineIndia → USA13.7
RefineChina → Viet Nam12.4

Countries drawn as dashed boxes (in trade flows only)

  • Mine: Thailand
  • Refine: China; Tajikistan; Thailand; Viet Nam; Myanmar; Belgium-Luxembourg (...1998); 5 more countries (France, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Italy, Rep. of Korea, India)
  • After refining: USA; Thailand; France; Belgium-Luxembourg (...1998); Japan; India; 9 more countries (Rep. of Korea, Fed. Rep. of Germany (...1990), Other Asia, nes, Italy, Indonesia, Mexico, Russian Federation, Türkiye, Viet Nam)

Recycling loop

Recycling loop: no published rate. Eurostat publishes no end-of-life recycling input rate for antimony.

Largest trade flows · 2024

Reconciled customs data (CEPII BACI), by value. Trade data lags: this is the latest complete year. 40 of 1 245 flows shown, covering 65.0 % of traded value.

Largest trade flows 2024
From → toProduct of stageMillion USDSource
China → USARefine132.7
Tajikistan → FranceRefine111.1
Tajikistan → Belgium-Luxembourg (...1998)Refine110.3
Thailand → ChinaMine101.3
Myanmar → ThailandMine81.4
Myanmar → ThailandRefine70.3
China → IndiaRefine56.9
Australia → ChinaMine53
Belgium-Luxembourg (...1998) → USARefine47
Viet Nam → ThailandRefine43.8

≈ marks a customs code that mixes grades or forms of the material, so stages cannot be told apart. Expert mode shows the codes.

Sites on record · 28 and 10 deposits and projects

38 of 38 shown

One entry per site. Where two sources describe the same site, the atlas lists the record of the source it ranks higher.

United States view: Antimony

These figures describe the United States only. They are not global figures.

Net import reliance · 2025
91 %
Import sources · 2021-24
  • China55 %
  • Belgium12 %
  • Thailand8 %
  • India6 %
  • Other19 %
Scrap (circularity) · 2025 estimate
Value 191 million USDDomestic 99.7 %Imported 0.29 %Exported 0.01 %
Main uses
  • Flame retardants and lead-acid batteries.

Money

The open price series where one exists, and one estimate with its formula. No licensed market data is shown.

Price

There is no open price series for antimony, so the atlas shows no price and no estimated value.

  • No open price series for antimony: the World Bank Pink Sheet does not cover it, and the price services that do are licensed, so no price is shown.

An estimated production value is computed only where an open price exists (copper and nickel). Why prices are missing

Investment pipeline

announced figures

Planned and under-construction antimony projects with a publicly announced capital cost, public financial backing, or both. Each line is one statement by the named publisher on the given date; the atlas adds nothing to it.

  • Stibnite Gold ProjectUnder constructionMine and processing

    Perpetua Resources Corp. · Valley County, Idaho · United States · Antimony

    “early works construction; Final Investment Decision expected in the second half of 2026” · status as printed on 2026-05-11

    Announced capital cost

    USD 2.58 bn2026-03-31

    Initial Capital, including contingency; exclusive of pre-production revenue (Technical Report Summary as of December 31, 2025) · Perpetua Resources Corp.

    The publisher's words: “Initial Capital, reflects estimated total capital expenditures of $2,576 million as of December 31, 2025, including a contingency of $191.9 million”
    Public backing
    • USD 2.7 bnLoan · “unanimously agreed to notify Congress of a proposed” · 2026-03-31

      Export-Import Bank of the United States

      The publisher's words: “unanimously agreed to notify Congress of a proposed $2.7 billion senior secured long-term loan”
    • USD 2.9 bnLoan · “unanimously approved” · 2026-05-21

      Export-Import Bank of the United States

      The publisher's words: “has unanimously approved a $2.9 billion senior secured long-term loan”
  • U.S. SmelterPlannedProcessing

    Korea Zinc · Clarksville, Tennessee · United States · Copper, Antimony, Gallium, Germanium

    “Full-scale construction will start in 2027” · status as printed on 2025-12-15

    Announced capital cost

    USD 6.6 bn2025-12-15

    capital expenditures; total planned investment of $7.4 billion including working capital and financing costs · Korea Zinc

    The publisher's words: “is expected to have $6.6 billion in capital expenditures, with a total planned investment of $7.4 billion including working capital and financing costs”
    Public backing
    • USD 1.4 bnOther support · “conditional investment” · 2025-12-15

      U.S. Department of War

      The publisher's words: “The Department of War’s conditional investment of $1.4 billion to build the first U.S.-based zinc smelter and critical minerals processing facility”
    • USD 2.15 bnOther support · “arranged by the U.S. Department of War together with investors” · 2025-12-15

      U.S. Department of War together with investors

      The publisher's words: “Approximately $2.15 billion, arranged by the U.S. Department of War together with investors, will be invested in the smelter construction.”
    • USD 210 MGrant · “will provide $210 million in award funding” · 2025-12-15

      U.S. Department of Commerce (CHIPS Act)

      The publisher's words: “The U.S. Department of Commerce will provide $210 million in award funding under the CHIPS Act for U.S. equipment procurement and other purposes.”

A short, hand-read list, not a census: 19 projects in all. Announced amounts are not spending, a letter of interest or a conditional commitment is not a loan, and amounts stay in the currency of the announcement.

Public support instruments

Stockpiles, price floors, offtake and purchasing programmes and public funds whose source names antimony, and general critical-minerals instruments (marked). Each is one statement by its publisher.

  1. 2024-08-29published · United StatesStockpileannounced

    Federal Register notice seeking comments on the proposed fiscal year 2026 plan for National Defense Stockpile acquisitions, including antimony, tungsten and neodymium-praseodymium oxide.

    Covers: “Proposed Fiscal Year 2026 Annual Materials Plan (potential acquisitions, conversions and disposals of the National Defense Stockpile)” · Materials: Antimony, Tungsten, Rare earths

    The publisher's words: “is seeking public comments on the potential market impact of proposed changes to the Fiscal Year (FY) 2026 Annual Materials Plan (AMP)”
    4 further statements from the source

    potential acquisition: antimony, 700 metric tons

    The publisher's words: “Antimony....................................... MT............................... 700”

    potential acquisition: tungsten, 587,000 lbs W

    The publisher's words: “Tungsten....................................... Lbs W............................ 587,000”

    potential acquisition: NdPr oxide, 300 metric tons

    The publisher's words: “Neodymium-Praseodymium Oxide................... MT............................... 300”

    nature of the stockpile

    The publisher's words: “The NDS is a strategic stockpile, not an economic stockpile. It is not intended to influence prices in the market”
  2. 2025-06-17announced · G7Other supportannounced

    G7 leaders launched a Critical Minerals Action Plan with a roadmap for standards-based markets and a call for more public and private capital for critical minerals projects.

    Covers: “critical minerals”

    critical minerals in general; the source does not name antimony

    The publisher's words: “We will develop a roadmap to promote standards-based markets for critical minerals”
    3 further statements from the source

    launch of the plan

    The publisher's words: “We are launching a G7 Critical Minerals Action Plan”

    roadmap content

    The publisher's words: “The roadmap will establish a set of criteria that constitute a minimum threshold for standards-based markets”

    capital mobilisation

    The publisher's words: “We encourage our export credit agencies and development finance institutions (DFIs) to identify more opportunities for collaboration”
  3. 2025-11-04published · CanadaFundannounced

    Budget 2025 proposes a Critical Minerals Sovereign Fund at Natural Resources Canada for equity investments, loan guarantees and offtake agreements, and a First and Last Mile Fund.

    CAD 2 bn · “$2 billion over five years, on a cash basis, starting in 2026-27”

    Covers: “critical minerals projects and companies”

    critical minerals in general; the source does not name antimony

    The publisher's words: “provide $2 billion over five years, on a cash basis, starting in 2026-27, to Natural Resources Canada to create the Critical Minerals Sovereign Fund”
    3 further statements from the source

    tools of the fund

    The publisher's words: “including equity investments, loan guarantees, and offtake agreements”

    First and Last Mile Fund

    The publisher's words: “provide $371.8 million over four years, starting in 2026-27, to Natural Resources Canada to create the First and Last Mile Fund”

    absorbs the Critical Minerals Infrastructure Fund

    The publisher's words: “would absorb the Critical Minerals Infrastructure Fund and leverage its existing funding envelope to provide up to $1.5 billion in support through 2029-30”
  4. 2025-11-22published · United KingdomFundannounced

    The UK critical minerals strategy Vision 2035 announces public funding for critical mineral projects and says stockpiling through procurement will be considered for the defence sector.

    GBP 50 M · “up to £50 million”

    Covers: “critical mineral projects in the UK”

    critical minerals in general; the source does not name antimony

    The publisher's words: “funding of up to £50 million will be made available by DBT to support critical mineral projects”
    2 further statements from the source

    stockpiling under consideration

    The publisher's words: “Measures could include stockpiling, including through procurement mechanisms”

    later programme page (published 22 June 2026): grant share

    The publisher's words: “with £45 million of this available as grant funding”
  5. 2026-01-12announced · AustraliaStockpileannounced

    The Australian Government announced the design of its Critical Minerals Strategic Reserve, which secures rights to minerals produced in Australia and on-sells them, with some selective stockpiling.

    AUD 1.2 bn · “$1.2 billion”

    Covers: “antimony, gallium and rare earth elements” · Materials: Antimony, Gallium, Rare earths

    The publisher's words: “The first minerals to be the focus of the Strategic Reserve will be antimony, gallium and rare earth elements”
    4 further statements from the source

    size of the reserve

    The publisher's words: “new details of its $1.2 billion Critical Minerals Strategic Reserve”

    how it operates

    The publisher's words: “The Reserve will operate by securing rights to minerals produced in Australia and on-selling those rights to meet demand”

    transactions drawn from the Critical Minerals Facility

    The publisher's words: “The Reserve includes $1 billion for transactions to be drawn from the expanded $5 billion Critical Minerals Facility”

    stockpiling share

    The publisher's words: “A further $185 million has been allocated for selective stockpiling of minerals”
  6. 2026-01-14signed · United StatesPrice floorannounced

    Presidential proclamation under section 232 directing negotiations on imports of processed critical minerals, in which price floors for trade in critical minerals are to be considered.

    Covers: “processed critical minerals and their derivative products (PCMDPs)”

    critical minerals in general; the source does not name antimony

    The publisher's words: “the Secretary and the Trade Representative should consider price floors for trade in critical minerals and other trade-restricting measures”
  7. 2026-02-02announced · United StatesStockpileannounced

    The Export-Import Bank approved a direct loan for Project Vault, a public-private partnership that is to establish a U.S. Strategic Critical Minerals Reserve storing raw materials for manufacturers.

    USD 10 bn · “a Direct Loan of up to $10 billion”

    Covers: “essential raw materials”

    critical minerals in general; the source does not name antimony

    The publisher's words: “the EXIM Board of Directors approved a Direct Loan of up to $10 billion to Project Vault”
    4 further statements from the source

    what it establishes

    The publisher's words: “a supply chain security initiative establishing the U.S. Strategic Critical Minerals Reserve”

    storage

    The publisher's words: “that will store essential raw materials in facilities across the United States”

    borrower structure

    The publisher's words: “providing long-term financing to a partnership between original equipment manufacturers and private sector capital providers”

    later EXIM release of May 4, 2026 restating the loan

    The publisher's words: “The transaction includes a direct loan of up to $10 billion”

There is no open price series for antimony, so these instruments are listed without a chart.

These figures are informational, not financial advice.

Sustainability

Four indicators, the same on every profile. Each is a figure with its unit, year and source, or a plain statement that there is none.

  • Carbon

    Grid-carbon proxy: the grid intensity of the refining countries, weighted by their share of refining.

    Not computed: No open refining series by country

    • Average grid emissions intensity of the countries that refine the material, weighted by each country's share of refinery output in the source table. Countries without a grid figure are left out and the covered share is stated. A proxy for the electricity behind refining, not a product footprint: plants may run on their own power.
  • Water

    Share of the material's mine sites on record that lie in high or extremely high baseline water stress.

    18%of mine sites on record

    2023Estimated

    Higher than 71% of the other 7 materials with rated mine sites.

    • 4 of 22 sites with a class (22 mine and brine sites on record).
    • Counted by site, not by tonnage: it is not a share of production.
    • "Arid and Low Water Use" is a class of its own in the source and is not counted as high.
  • Land

    Land visibly used by mining.

    Not available per material: the area is mapped per country for all commodities together.

    • Mapped from satellite images for all mining in a country. It cannot be attributed to one material or one site.
  • Circularity

    Recycling's share of EU demand (end-of-life recycling input rate).

    No published rate for this material.

    • Eurostat publishes no end-of-life recycling input rate for antimony.
    • No EU target in these two laws names this material.

There is no overall score: the four figures measure different things and are not added up. How to read these figures

The figures behind the indicators

Grid-carbon proxy for refining

estimated · proxy

Not computed: No open refining series by country

Average grid emissions intensity of the countries that refine the material, weighted by each country's share of refinery output in the source table. Countries without a grid figure are left out and the covered share is stated. A proxy for the electricity behind refining, not a product footprint: plants may run on their own power.

Water stress where the mines are

estimated · by site

18.2%of mine sites on record lie in high or extremely high water stress (4 of 22)

  • Low (<10%)11 sites
  • Low - Medium (10-20%)4 sites
  • Medium - High (20-40%)1 site
  • High (40-80%)2 sites
  • Extremely High (>80%)2 sites
  • Arid and Low Water Use2 sites

Of the mines and brine operations the atlas has on record for the material, the share that lies in a sub-basin with high or extremely high baseline water stress (WRI Aqueduct 4.0). Counted by site, not by tonnage: the atlas has no output figure for most sites, so this is not a share of production. "Arid and Low Water Use" is the source's own class for dry sub-basins with little demand; it is shown apart (hatched) because it is not a stress level.

Circularity

Recycling's share of EU demand (end-of-life recycling input rate)

Eurostat publishes no end-of-life recycling input rate for antimony.

EU targets that apply

No EU target in these two laws names this material.

Risks & policy

Export controls in force

Compiled by USGS, effective January 2026. Not a live feed.

  • ▲ LicenceChina2024

    Export licensing requirement for materials and technologies: Antimony (2024), bismuth (2025), synthesized diamond (2025), gallium (2023), germanium (2023), graphite (2023), indium (2025), magnesium materials (2024), molybdenum (2025), rare earths (2025), silver (2026), tellurium (2025), tungsten (2025), and items related to lithium batteries and artificial graphite anode materials (2025).

    Source ↗

Chokepoints at sea

The atlas has no record of which minerals pass through which sea passage, so no chokepoint figure is attached to this profile. Current ship counts for the main passages are on the Live page. Open the Live page

What if?

Three calculators run on the figures of this profile. Each shows its formula and what it leaves out; none is a forecast.

What the atlas does not know about antimony

How much of the chain is on record, which producer countries have no site in the atlas, how mining and refining compare, and whether a price is open.

Data coverage

Mines on record: 9% (5/15)

Plants on record: no open refining series by country

Owner or operator known: 6.3% (4/15)

Assurance known: no public assurance list is ingested yet

A country in these lists marks missing data, not missing industry.

Mining and refining: who leads

  • USGS MCS 2026, 2025 (estimated)

    • Mining:China 36% (about 1 in 3), 2025

    No open refining series by country

Price transparency

No open price series for antimony: the services that publish one are licensed, so no price is shown.

Add dataAll gaps, across materials

Sources

Every source this profile uses, with its licence, the years its figures describe and how sure the figures are. Each chip on the profile opens the single record.

Source registry for this material

History & talk

Revision history and discussion are coming soon.

Every change to a figure will be listed here with its source, its credit and its review, and each profile will have a place to discuss it. Until then the data changes only when a source is updated, and every figure links to that source.

What can be contributed today

What we don't know yet

No open source we may use gives these figures. Nothing is estimated to fill them. If you know a public source, add it.

Type the name of a material, a country, a site or a company.